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Nicholas POPPE Altay Dillerinde Çokluk Ekler Plural Suffixes in the Altaic Languages Çev. Caner KERÝMOÐLU127 ~ 143

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Yalnız Ural grubunu de il, Ural-Altay dil ailesini dahi Hind-Avrupa dilleriyle kar- ıla tırma denemelerinde bulunan filologlar da çıkmı tır (K. Menges vb.). Bu gibi büyük

Although comparative linguistics can be considered the core of Altaic Studies, over the decades, three other basic methodological approaches have in practice also been subsumed

Sadece Moğolcada kelime başında /q/ zaman zaman /x/ ; Tunguzcada ve Korecede ise söz içi ve söz sonunda /k/ olarak değişmiştir.. Korecedeki biçimlerde

Barutcu-Özönder suggests that this morpheme, kırlañ, which is basically found in Siberian languages, should be considered as kır alañ with the meaning ‛the ridge of little

• Birden fazla kültürel oluşuma sahip çokkültürlü toplumların doğasını ve politik yapısını anlamak için araştırma yapan bilim insanları özellikle farklılık, çokluk

Dünya işlenmemiş perlit üretimi 2.0-2.5 milyon ton/yıl olup bundan yaklaşık 1.5-1.8 milyon ton/yıl satılabilir perlit üretilmektedir. Dünyada perlit üreticisi

Vahit Türk researched the “tüğ-” verb and the “düğün” (wedding) concept and compared this concept with a word meaning linkage; Satı Kumartaşlıoğlu investigated

Özal, hatalarının toplum a maliyeti, ölümünden sonra daha iyi anlaşıldığı için; M.. Ali Aybar ise, hak­ lılığı daha kendi yaşarken kanıtlandığı