J. Turk. Plıytopallı., Yol. 29, No. 2-3, 105-111, 2000 ISSN 0378 - 8024
Characterization and numerical taxonomy of
Pseudomonas tolaasii
isolates using antimicrobial susceptibility patterns
Nurettin ŞAHİN*
A. Üsame
TAMER**
Cem
AZERİ***
Muğla Uııiversiıy, Faculıy_ or Aris aııd Scicııces, Deparımeııı or Biology, 48187 Kötekli, MUĞLA** Celal Bayar Uııiversiıy
, Faculıy or Arls and Sciences, Deparıment of Biyology, Muradiye, MANİSAABSTRACT
The susceptibilities of Pseı.ıdomoııas tolaasii isolatcs (n= 160) isolatcd from sporophores of the Agaricu.ı· hisporus to 20 antimicrobial agents were determined by disk-diffusion methocl. P. tolaasii NCPPB 2192T and NCPPB 2325 werc usecl as refercnce strains. Ali P. tolaasii isolatcs wcre scnsitivc to tobramycinc and kanamycine. Antimicrobial susccptibility pattern of isolatcs showccl two clistincl phcnotypic group. Tctracyclinc sensitivity ancl glucose utilizaıion wcre thc most cliagnostic characters between thc phenotypic groups. The rcsults showccl that in acldition to normal identification methods it is possiblc to differentiate some of the varieties of P. tolaasii
with the help of anlimicrobial susccptibility tests.
Key words: Pseudomoııas tolaasii, antibiotics, numcrical taxonomy
INTRODUCTION
Bacterial brown blotch (Tolaas 1915) caused by Pseudomoııas tolaasii (Paine
1919) and a variant sometimcs referrcd to as P. giııgeri (Raincy et al., 1992) is consi-dcred as the most common and serious bacterial cliseasc on cultivated mushrooms lhroughout the world. Undcr some environmental conditions stili not well-determined, but influenced by temperaturc and relative humidity, the bacterium can bccome patlıo
genic and provoke the brown blotch clisease (Soler-Rivas et al., I 999). Taxonomy of the
P. tolaasii group is not fully resolved (Rainey et al., 1992, Wells et al., 1995). it is described in the Scction V of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Palleroni
1984) due to the natura) relationships with well characlerizccl species of the genus Pseu-domonas are largely unknown.
CHARACTERIZATION AND NUMERICAL TAXONOMY OF Pseııdonıoııas ıolaasii
ISOLATES USING ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS
The aım of the present study is numerical taxonomy of bacterial pathogens responsible for the brown discoloration on the Agaricus hisporus using antimicrobial susceptibility and biochemical tests data.
MATERIALS and METHODS Isolation of bacteria
Sporophores of the Agaricus hisporus obtained from Manisa and İzmir province
showing brown or reddish-brown blotches were used. lsolation of baeteria from alterecl caps or stipes was performing on King's meclium 8 (KB) following thc usual procedures (Lclliot and Stcacl, 1987). Pure cultures werc screcncd for pathogcnicity and for thc "white !ine" reaction (Wong and Prcece, 1979). For this purposc authentic strains of P. tolaasii ancl P. "reactans" NCPPB 131 ıT werc used.
Characterization & susceptibility testing
Ali the bacterial isolates were assaycd for thcir ability Lo form a prccıpıtate (white !ine reaction) in KB mcclium with P. "reactans" NCPPB 1311 T_ Auxanographic features were cleterminecl in API 20 E gallcries (BioMcricux, Fr.).
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Lhc isolates and rcference strains was tested ori platcs of Mueller-Hinton agar (Difco) pre-inoculatecl with the test organism and dricd (Bauer et al., 1966; NCCLS, 1990). Antimicrobial susccptibility test cliscs (Oxoid) wcre
placed on the agar surface. Following discs were used: Erythromycin 15 µg (E); Strep-tomycin 10 U (S); Polymyxin 8 300 IU (PB); Pcnicillin G 10 IU (P); Kanamycin 30 µg
(K); Tctracycline 30 µg (TE); Sulphaınethoxazole-Trimethroprin 25 µg (SXT); Neo-mycin 30 µg (N); Chloraınphcnicol 30 µg (C); Doxycycline 30 µg (DO); Gcntaınycin I O
µg (CN); Carbenicillin 100 µg (CAR); Bacitracin 10 IU (8); Tobramycin 10 µg (TOB); Cefalcxin 30 µg (CL); Ampillicin 10 µg (AMP); Rifaınpicin 5 µg (RD); Vancomycin 30
µg (VA); Nalidixic acicl 30 µg (NA); Novobiocin 30 µg (NB).The plates were evaluated after 24 ancl 48 hours of incubation at 27 °C. I f Lhe area surrouncling a disc (:2: 16 mm
diameter) was free from bacterial growth, it was recorded Lhal thc organisın was sen-sitive to that antibiotic. Tests werc perforınecl in triplicate. Ali susccptibility tests coulcl
be read without clifficulty aftcr 24h of incubation. Pure bacterial cultures were stored at -20 °C in glycerol. Reference strains of P. to/aasii (NCPPB 2192T and NCPPB 2325) obtainecl from the National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, UK and were used as controls.
Numerical taxonomy
Numerical analysis of the data obtained from antibiotic susceptibility and carbon
N. ŞAHİN, A.Ü. TAMER aııd C. AZERİ
Lests Lhal were positive or negative for ali ofthe strains werc climinatccl from subscqucnt numerical analysis. The clata matrix was usecl to cstimatc thc strain similaritics, with calculation of the simple matching coefficicnt, ancl clustcr analysis was computecl into phenogram by using complctc linkage clustcring mcthod (Sneaıh and Sokal, 1973). Isolatecl strains werc groupecl uncler eighıh clusters (close groups) ancl typc sırains. Ali analyscs were carriecl out with Lhe TAXON-X program (Chun, 1995).
RESUL TS and DISCUSSION
Susceptibilities of isolated and two reference strains of Pseudomonas tolaasii (NCPPB 2192T and NCPPB 2325) to antibiotics were determined. Ali strains were scn-sitive to tobramycinc and kanamycine. Resistancc for ali invcstigated strains was noted for 11 antibiotics: rifampicin, cefalexin, ampicillin, carbcnicillin, bacitracine, erythro-mycine, chloramphcnicol, penicillin G, vancomycin, nalidixic acid, and novobiocin. Penicillinase production was detectcd ali strains tcstcd. Thc rcsults of other diffcrential antibiotic susccptibility patterns ancl some phenotypic properties werc shown in Table 1. Similar results wcre reportccl by Richardson, 1993 and Vantomme et al., 1987. Most of Lhe reportcd strains of P. tolaasii is tetracycline sensitive, but morc than 40 percent of isolated strains were resistant to this antibiotic. Our findings were supported this ob
-scrvation (Tablc 1 ). Although, antibiotic usage was not offical for mushroom cultivation in Türkiye the resistancc patlcrn relativcly high. This results may be strong evidence
Tablc 1. Diffcrcııtial charactcristics of isolates based on ıheir aıııinıicrobial susccpıibiliıy paıtern and sonıe pheııclic propcrıies
No. of strains Gelatin hydrolysis
Glucosc assimilation Rhanıııose assiınilatioıı Resisıance ıo anıihioıics (ııg ııı(1J
Doxycycliııc (30) Sıreptonıyciııe ( 1 O) Tetracycliııe (30) Polymyxinc B (300) Geııtanıyciııe ( 1 O) SXT(*) (25) Neonıycinc (30) Typc strains P. ıolaasii NCPPB 2192 +
s
s
s
Rs
Rs
P. ıolaasii NCPPB 2325 +s
s
s
Rs
Rs
Phcnotypic Clustcrs A4-I MI &M2 20 40 + + + +s
50% R 50%s
Rs
s
s
Rs
S. Sensitive ( ~ 16 mm diametcr), R: Resistaııcc, (*). Sulplıanıethoxazole-Triınethroprin NCPPB: National Collection of Planı Patlıogeııic Bacteria. Hertsfordslıire, U.K.
Oıhcrs 100 + 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% R 20% 1
CHARACTERIZATION AND NUMERICAL TAXONOMY OF Pseudorııoııas ıolaasii
ISOLATES USING ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS
that probablc transfer or rcsistance plasmids betwccn Pscudomonas strains and other compost microflora.
Two main phenotypic clustcr-groups, showcd in Figurc 1, werc obtaincd arter a computer-assisted numerical analysis from antibiotic susccptibility clata. Group A; contains the typc (NCPPB 2192 & NCPPB 2325) ancl tetracyclinc scıısitivc strains ur P. to!aasii
(B8-2, 1-1, 1-2, A4-I ). Group B contains tetracycline resistant strains (M-1, M-2, 1-3, 1-4). Cluster-groups A and B except strains A4-I ancl 1-4 wcre clcrinecl at the 85% and 75% similarity (S) lcvels respectively. Strains A4-I ancl 1-4 do not share significant (S ~75%) relationships with any of he cluster-groups (Fig. 1 ).
Glucose and gelatin is the most sepcrative carbon source for biochemical charac-tcrization. None of the strains utilizecl mannitol, inositol, sorbitol, rhamnose, sucrosc, melibiose, amygdalin, arabinose and urea testecl in API galleries.
~ 00 ~
m
~ ~ W N ~ 00 ~ ~ ~ ~m m
~ ~ ~NCPPB 2192
B8-2
-I-1
I-2
-NCPPB 2325
A4-1
M-1
M-2
I-3
I-4
Figure 1. Phenograın showing ıhc posiıions of P. ıo/aasii sırains based on ıhc anıibioıic suscepıibiliıy ıcsıs. The scale shows ıhe siınilaritics in%.
N. ŞAHİN, A.Ü. TAMER and C. AZERİ
Our sludy demonslrated clearly Lhal anlibiotic susceptibilily pallerns may be use-ful in dislinguishing between similar strains of palhogenic P. tolaasii, occuring on culti-vated mushrooms (Fig. 1 ). This method is more economical and will take a shorler Lime than classical Lets. But, fora high reliable resull, should be usetl with olher taxonomical data.
Thc resistance or susceptibility lo inhibitors are also gcnerally stable characters and can serve as diagnostic aids. Furthcrmore, the patterns of susceptibility to antibiotics can be useful in distinguishing similar species from each other as well as the strains of Lhe same species (Trüper and Schleifer, 1992). Studies done by Tamer and Bursalioglu, (1984); El-Banna, ( 1989); Şahin and Tamer, ( 1998) have shown that strains can be clearly differenliated based on the their antibioıic susceptibility pattern.
Asa result, in addition to nonnal determination methods, it is possiblc to separate some of the varieties of P. to/aasii with the help of this technique. This technique may be useful for the detection of negative "white !ine reacting" strains of P. tolaasii.
ÖZET
Pseudomonas ıolaasii İZOLATLARININ ANTİMİKROBİY
AL DUYARLILIK
PROFİLLERİ
KULLANILARAK
KARAKTERİZASYONUVE
NUMERİKTAKSONOMİSİ
Agaricus hisporus sporoforlarından izole edilen (n= 160) Pseudomonas to/aasii
suşlarının 20 antimikrobiyal rhaddeye karşı duyarlılıkları disk-diffüzyon metodu ile belir-lendi. P. to/aasii NCPPB 2192T ve NCPPB 2325 referans suşlar olarak kullanıldı. Tüm
P. tolaasii izolatları tobramycin ve kanamycine duyarlıdır. İzolatların antibiyotik
duyar-lılık profilleri iki farklı fcnotipik grubu gösterdi. Tetrasiklin duyarlılığı ve glukoz
kul-lanımı fenotipik gruplar arasında en tanımlayıcı karakterler olarak belirlendi. Sonuçlar gösterdi ki, normal idenlifikasyon metodlarına ek olarak anlimikrobiyal duyarlılık test-leri yardımıyla P. ıo/aasii'nin bazı varyeteleri ayırd edilebilir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Pseudomonas tolaasii, antibiyotikler, numerik taksonomi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful Lo Dr. N. Sanle lacobellis (Universila degli studi della Basilicala, ltaly) for helpful discussion and providing some Pseudomonas tolaasii strains used in Lhis study. This work was partly supported by grants TBAG/A Y-44 from TÜBITAK and AF077 from the Celal Bayar University.
CHARACTERIZATION AND NUMERICAL TAXONOMY OF Pseudoıııoııas tolaasii
ISOLATES USING ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS
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