Establishment of a database management system for Bilkent Üniversity dormitory management

ESTABLISHMENT OF A DATABASE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FDR BILKENT UNIVERSITY DORMITORY MANAGEMENT

A THESIS

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND THE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

OF BILKENT UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FDR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

BY

KAHRAMAN GUNAYDIN SEPTEMBER,1990

I c e r t i f y t h a t I h a v e r e a d t h i s t h e s i s a n d in m y o p i n i o n it is f u l i y adequaite, in s c o p e axnd in q u a l i t y , a s a t h e s i s f o r t h e d e g r e e of M a s t e r of B u s i n e s s A d m i n i s t r a t. i on ..

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A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

I. w o u l d like to e x p r e s s my g r a t i t u d e to Prof. Dr. Limit Eierkman for h i s p a t i e n t s u p e r v i s i o n .

I apjpreciate the h u m a n l y g u i d a n c e , c o n t i n u e d e n c o u r a g e m e n t and s u g g e s t i o n s th at A s s i s t . Pr of . Er d a l Erel And A s s i s t Prof. G u l i s G e r p r o v i d e d me t h r o u g h o u t th is t h e s i s study.

A B S T R A C T E S T A B L I S H M E N T OF A D B M S F O R B I L K E N T U N I V E R S I T Y D O R M I T O R Y M A N A G E M E N T By K a h r a m a n G u n a y d i n S u p e r v i s o r : Prof . Dr. U m i t B e r k m a n T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s t h e s i s is to e s t a b l i s h a D a t a b a s e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m for B i l k e n t U n i v e r s i t y D o r m i t o r y m a n a g e m e n t . T h e a i m of th e p r o g r a m is to u s e i n f o r m a t i o n m o r e e a s i e r and q u i c k e r than th e p r e s e n t m a n u a l s y s t e m . A c t i v i t i e s s u c h as, e n t e r i n g e d i t i n g , d e l e t i n g and r e t r i e v i n g d a t a w i t h t h i s p r o g r a m a r e m o r e q u i c k e r and e a s i e r . S o r t i n g t h r o u g h l a r g e p i e c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n is a v a i l a b l e and m o r e e f f i c i e n t w i t h t h i s p r og ra m. Ke y w o r d s : D a t a b a s e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m , B i l k e n t U n i v e r s i t y D o r m i t o r y m a n a g e m e n t . I n f o r m a t i o n , M a n u a l S y s t e m . Ill

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B İ L K E N T U N I V E R S I 1 ESİ TUR 1 YÜMETİI'-Iİ İC1.N Bİ R V E R İ I A B A N I İSLET İM s i s i EMİ O L U Ş I URULMP.S1

K a h r a m a n U ü n a y d ı n Tez Y ö n e t i c i s i : Prof.. Dr» ü m i t B E R K M A N Bu ç a l ı ş m a , B i i k e n t ü n i v e r s i t e s i v u r t v ö n e t ı m ı n e ye ni bi r ye ri ta ba nı i ş l e t i m s i s t e m i ın sa e t m e k a m a c ı y l a y a p 1. l. d 1... B u r a cl a k i Ti e d e t r» i ı. c· ı ı e r' ı n d a h a k o l a y ve d a h a ç a b u k ku 1 l a n ı i m a s ı y d ı . D a h a ö n c e k i e l l e d o s y a l a m a s i s t e m i n e na z a r a n , bu yeni o l u ş t u r u l a n prodramla., veri girme, d e ğ i ş t i r m e , s i l m e ve q e r i ç a ğ ı r m a d a h a ç a b u k ve k o l a y y a p ı l ı r h a l e aeldi, ü s t e l i k bu p r o a r a m l a v e r i l e r i n s ı r a l a n d ı r ı İ m a s ı ve a y ı k l a n m a s ı d a h a hızl ı ve g ü v e n i l i r o l d u . A n a h t a r k e l i m e l e r : V e r i t a b a n ı İ ş l e t i m S i s t e m i , B i i k e n t Ü n i v e r s i t e s i Y u T t Y ö n e t i m i , Bilgi. El le D o s y a l a m a S i s t e m i . iv

T" İlikli BL..IE; O R " C C J f f N J T E E l ' M T S A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S ABSTFİACT Ö Z E T T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S L I S T OF F I G U R E S L I S T OF T A B L E S 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1.1 I N T R O D U C T I O N TO T H E S U B J E C T 1.2 P R O B L E M D E F I N I T I O N 1.3 M E T H O D O L O G Y 1.4 O U T L I N E OF T H E T H E S I S 2. L I T E R A T U R E S U R V E Y ON D B M S 2.1 D E F I N I T I O N OF A D B M S 2 . 2 D A T A B A S E M A N A G E M E N T O B J E C T I V E S 2 . 3 D E V E L O P M E N T OF D B M S 2 . 4 C O M P O N E N T S OF A D B M S 2 . 4 . 1 D a t a b a s e 2 . 4 . 2 D a t a b a s e D e f i n i t i o n 2 . 4 . 3 D a t a M a n i p u l a t i o n L a n g u a g e 2 . 4 . 4 D a t a b a s e P r o c e d u r e s 2 . 5 T Y P E S OF D A T A B A S E S 2 . 6 S O M E F U N D A M E N T A L C O N C E P T S 2 . 6 . 1 F i l e 2 . 6 . 2 R e c o r d Paige ii iii iv iix ix 1 1 1 4 6 6 7 8 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 13

2 . . 3 F i eld 13 2 - 6 . 4 I n d e X F i 1 e 13 2.6., 5 Key F i e l d 13 2 . 6 . 6 N o r m a l i z a t i o n 14 5. H O W TO U S E T H E PROBF<AM 15 3.1 I N T R O D U C T I O N 15 3. 2 T H E M E N U S 15 3 . 2 . 1 M a i n M e n u (A na t a b l o ) 15 3 . 2 . 2 D a t a E n t r y (Veri G i rm e) İS 3 . 2 . 2 . 1 A l t e r n a t i v e i 18 3 . 2 . 2 . 2 A l t e r n a t i y e 2 18 3 . 2 . 2 . 3 A l t e r n a t i v e 3 19 3 . 2 . 2 . 4 A l t e r n a t i v e 4 19 3 . 2 . 2 . 5 A 1t e r n a t i v e 5 22 3 . 2 . 3 C h a n g i n g D a t a (Veri D e ğ i ş t i r m e ) 24 3 . 2 . 4 D e l e t i n g D a t a (Veri Si l m e ) 24 3 . 2 . 5 R e t r i e v i n g D a t a (Veri T a r a m a ) 24 3 . 2 . 5 . 1 A l t e r n a t i v e s Of R e t r i e v i n g 25 D a t a ( T a r a m a S e ç e n e k l e r i ) 3 . 2 . 6 S o m e S t a t i s t i c s (Bazi i s t a t i s t i k l e r ) 29 4. C O N C L U S I O N 30 R E F E R E N C E S 32 A P P E N D I C E S A. I n te rn al S t r u c t u r e Of T h e P r o g r a m 3 3 B. Anatatalo.prg M o d u l e 41 C. V e r g i r . p r g M o d u l e 43 D. V e r d e g . p r g M o d u l e 4 6 VI

F£„ V e r s i l . p r q M o d u l e F„ V e r t a r . p r g M o d u l e G « i s t a t i s t i k . prg "■ M o d u l e H. A p p l i c a t i o n E x a m p l e I» T u r k i s h V e r s i o n of C h a p t e r 3 SO 59 68 71 ( Ku 11 a\nim k i 1 a v u s u ) 85 VI

L IST OF FIGUF^'ES F I G U R E .1.. N e t w o r k of M a i n M e n u 2. N e t w o r k of R e t r i e v i n g D a t a M e n u F-’a g e 16 17 1.1 )·{

L I S T OF TABLES LE P a g e 1. S t r u c t u r e Of Th e Y u r t . d b f F i l e 19 ·l^. M S t r u c t u r e of The K i m l i k . d b f F i l e 20 '-1* N S t r u c tu r e of Th e N u f u s . d b f F i l e 21 4, S t r u c t u r e of T h e Egitim-dtaf F i l e ·!··· aV··· 5, S t r u c tu re of The A i l e . d b f F"ile 23 6. S t r u c tu re of The Y u r t l b l . l b l F i l e 26 7. S t r u c t u r e of T h e K i m l i k l b l .Ibl F i l e 26 8. S t r u c t u r e of T h e N u f u s l b l . l b l F i l e 2 6 9. S t r u c tu r e of T h e E g i t i m l b l .Ibl F i l e 27 10. S t r u c t u r e of T h e A i l e l b l .Ibl F i l e I X

C H A P T E R 1 - I N T R O D U C T I O N 1.1 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E S U B J E C T T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s t h e s i s is to p r e p a r e a D a t a b a s e M a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m (DBMS) w h i c h will m a n a g e the d a t a of B i l k e n t ' s s t u d e n t d o r m i t o r i e s . A c c o r d i n g to S h a r m a n (1987) " A d a t a b a s e is a la rg e o r g a n i s e d s t o r e of i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h is a v a i l a b l e w h e n y o u n e e d it. T h e p u r p o s e of a d a t a b a s e is to c a p t u r e i n f o r m a t i o n and m a k e it a v a i l a b l e . A d a t a b a s e s y s t e m s h o u l d be t r u l y g e n e r a l - p u r p o s e s o f t w a r e p a c k a g e w h i c h is c a p a b l e of p r o c e s s i n g a n y logical s t r u c t u r e and m a n i p u l a t i n g t h e d a t a w i t h i n it. T h i s s o f t w a r e is c o r r e c t l y k n o w n as a D B M S . " 1.2 P R O B L E M D E F I N I T I O N We k n o w t h a t m o s t o r g a n i s a t i o n s will h a v e s o m e f o r m · o f d a t a b a s e , e i t h e r m a n u a l (p ap er based) s y s t e m or a c o m p u t e r i s e d d a t a b a s e sy s t e m . A p a p e r b a s e d s y s t e m (w h i c h is c u r r e n t l y u s e d in B i l k e n t U n i v e r s i t y D o r m i t o r i e s for s t u d e n t r e g i s t r a t i o n ) can be o r g a n i s e d in m a n y w a y s i.e. d i f f e r e n t f o l d e r s in f i l i n g c a b i n e t , or i t c o u l d be c o l l e c t i o n of c a r d s in a bo}·! s o r t e d in the a l p h e b e t i c a l or d e r . T h e r e a r e m a n y d i s a d v a n t a g e s w i t h a p a p e r b a s e d f i l i n g s y s t e m , s o m e of the d i s a d v a n t a g e s a r e as f o l l o w s .

by the user.

ii) T h e y Ccin be v e r y bulky, lots b o x e s or c a b i n e t s , iii) Ct is d i f f i c u l t to m a n i p u l a t e , d i s p l a y or a n a l y s e the data,

iv) If t h e r e a r e m a n y re c o r d s , to r e t r i e v e t h e m c a m be v e r y t i m e c o n s u m i n g .

T h e a b o v e a r e the j u s t a few of the d i s a d v a n t a q e s of a p a p e r ba se d f i l i n g s y s t e m . All of t h e s e p r o b l e m s e x i s t in the B i l k e n t U n i v e r s i t y D o r m i t o r i e s c u r r e n t r e g i s t r a t i o n sy s t e m .

A n y f o r m of f i l i n g s y s t e m s h o u l d be a b l e to f u ll fi l at le as t two r o l e s in p a r t i c u l a r .(5)

i) To k e e p t r a c k of w h a t has h a p p e n e d in the past.

ii) To u s e the i n f o r m a t i o n to a s s i s t c u r r e n t a c t i v i t i e s and a l s o be a b l e to plan f u t u r e a c t i v i t i e s .

If we look at t h e s e two p o i n t s , it is the s e c o n d p o i n t t h a t le nd s it s e l f to a c o m p u t e r b a s e d sy s t e m . A p a p e r b a s e d f i l i n g s y s t e m , is i n c o m p a r a b l e to a c o m p u t e r d a t a b a s e s y s t e m ; e s p e c i a l l y in the a r e a s of s o r t i n g t h r o u g h la rg e p i e c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n , and then s h o w i n g t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n in a u s e f u l an d m e a n i n g f u l fo rm at . A f t e r s e v e r a l d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h the d o r m i t o r y m a n a g e m e n t , it is d e t e r m i n e d t h a t the n e c c e s s a r y r e q u i r e m e n t s for t h e n e w D B M S a r e s t a t e d as f o l l o w s :

1. Inpu t of D a t a 2„ E d i t i n g D a t a 3« D e l e t i n g D a t a 4» R e t r i e v a l of D a t a a) A c c o r d i n g to t h e i r d e p a r t m e n t s b) A c c o r d i n g to t h e i r f i r s t n a m e s c) A c c o r d i n g to t h e i r last n a m e s d) A c c o r d i n g to t h e i r d o r m i t o r y r e g i s t r a t i o n n u m b e r e) A c c o r d i n g to t h e i r e n t r y d a t e to the d o r m i t o r y And n e c c e s s a r v f i l e s t h a t s h o u l d be ke pt for e a c h s t u d e n t a r e s t a t e d as f o l l ow s: 1. D o r m i t o r y f i l e (y ur t. db f) 2. ID f i l e ( k i m l i k . dbf) 3. I d e n t i t y book f i l e ( n uf us .d bf ) 4. E d u c a t i o n f i l e ( e ğ i t i m . dtaf) 5. F a m i l y f i l e ( a i l e . dbf) 1.3 M E T H O D O L O G Y R e l a t i o n a l d a t a b a s e mo de l is o n e of the m o s t s u i t a b l e m o d e l s t h a t we can u s e for the a b o v e DBMS, d u e to its s i m p l i c i t y in o p e r a t i o n and f l e w i b i 1i t i y . As D a t a b a s e M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m s o f t w a r e , d B A S E III p l us p o c k e t p r o g r a m an d it s l a n g u a g e will be used. d B A S E III w a s f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d in 19 84 an d w a s d e s i g n e d for 1 6 - b i t m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s . T h e p r o g r a m w a s w r i t t e n in C and d e s i g n e d to s u p p o r t m e nu s, w h i c h m a d e its u s e m u c h s i m p l e r for the n o n - p r o g r a m m e r .(7)

cIBASE III P l u s w a s then i n t r o d u c e d in late 1985. Tw o of the m a i n d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n d B A S E III and dEiASE III P l u s a r e t h a t the l a t t e r has n e t w o r k i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s and a far s u p e r i o r m e n u sy s t e m . Eioth p r o g r a m s h a v e the f o l l o w i n g s y s t e m N r e q u i r e m e n t s 5 -··■ A m i n i m u m of 2 5 6 K of m e m o r y -· R e g u i r e M S - D O S or P C - D O S v e r s i o n s 2 . 0 0 or la te r Tw in 3 6 0 K d o u b l e s i d e d f l o p p y d i s k d r i v e s or o n e 3 6 0 K f l o p p y di sk d r i v e p l u s a h a r d - d i s k

drive-in th is thes is , w e will f o l l o w the f o l l o w i n g d e s i g n i n g steps. 1. D e s c r i p t i o n of the pr o b l e m s T h i s is g i v e n in the p r o b l e m d e f i n i t i o n s e c t i o n . 2. D e t e r m i n i n g the u n i v e r s a l r e l a t i o n a t t r i b u t e s : A f t e r s e v e r a l d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h m a n a g e r of the d o r m i t o r i e s , s o m e a t t r i b u t e s and r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h em w e r e d e e n e d to be p r i m e c a n d i d a t e s for the u n i v e r s a l r e l a t i o n . 3. D e s i g n i n g n o r m a l i z e d files. 4. A d d i n g i n d e x e s . 1.4 O U T L I N E OF THE THES I S T h e r e a r e f o u r c h a p t e r s in t h i s th es is . F i r s t c h a p t e r is the i n t r o d u c t i o n . In t h i s c h a p t e r , i n t r o d u c t i o n to the s u b j e c t , p r o b l e m d e f i n i t i o n a n d the m e t h o d o l o g y is g i ve

n-T h e s e c o n d c h a p t e r is d e v o t e d to the l i t e r a t u r e survey. In t h i s c h a p t e r , f o l l o w i n g h e a d i n g s c a n be founds d e f i n i t i o n of a DBMS, d a t a b a s e m a n a g e m e n t o b j e c t i v e s , d e v e l o p m e n t of DBMS, c o m p o n e n t s of a DBMS, t y p e s of d a t a b a s e s , and s o m e f u n d e m e n t a l c o n c e p t s .

H o w to u s e the p r o g r a m is the s u b j e c t of the th ir d c h a p t e r . In t h i s c h a p t e r , we will find e x p l a n a t i o n s of how to u s e the p r o g r a m s s u c h as, how m e n u s c o m e on the sc re en , w h i c h m e n u s p e r f o r m w h i c h j o bs and w h i c h i n p u t s a r e n e e d e d , w h i c h o u t p u t s a r e o b t a i n e d .

C H A P T E R 2 L I T E R A T U R E S U R V E Y O N D B M S 2.1 D E F I N I T I O N OF A D B M S A diitabase m a y be d e f i n e d as a u n i f i e d c o l l e c t i o n of d a t a t h a t is to be s h a r e d by all a u t h o r i s e d p e r s o n n e l in an e n t e r p r i s e .(10) T h e e n t e r p r i s e c o u l d be a c o m p a n y , a d e p a r t m e n t in a c o m p a n y , a bank, or a d o r m i t o r y as in th is thesis. T h e p u r p o s e of the databctse is to s t o r e all of the d a t a of i n t e r e s t to the e n t e r p r i s e in o n e l o c a ti on , so th at r e d u n d a n t d a t a s t o r a g e w i t h i n the e n t e r p r i s e is e l i m i n a t e d . W h e t h e r the d a t a b a s e be in g d e v e l o p e d is to be s t o r e d in a m a i n f r a m e c o m p u t e r or in a m i c r o c o m p u t e r , the f u n c t i o n of the d a t a b a s e m a n a g a e m e n t s y s t e m (DBMS) is the same. Th e D B M S is the s o f t w a r e ~ h a r d w a r e p a c k a g e t h a t m a k e s the d a t a b a s e e a s i l y a c c e s i b l e to the user s. The? d a t a b a s e m a n a g e r p r o v i d e s the s o f t w a r e t o o l s r e q u i r e d to c r e a t e , load, q u er y, a n d u p d a t e d a t a in the d a t a b a s e . T h e d a t a b a s e m a n a g e r a l s o h a n d l e s all I/Ü and m e m o r y m a n a g e m e n t r e l a t e d to the d a t a b a s e . In s h or t, a we ll d e s i g n e d D B M S will p r o v i d e s o f t w a r e w h i c h m a k e s it e a s y for u s e r to c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h th e d a t a b a s e .

2.2 D A T A B A SE M A N A G E M E N T O B J E C T I V E S

T h e basi c goal of the d a t a b a s e m a n a g e m e n t is to a l l o w an o r g a n i z a t i o n to i m p r o v e its u s e and c o n t r o l of its d a t a r e s o u r c e s . T h i s goal can be d i v i d e d i n t o f o ur d i s t i n c t o b j e c t i v e s . (9) :

.1. E a s e of use: T h e f i r s t o b j e c t i v e is to m a k e the D B M S e a s y to use. If the s y s t e m is hard to use, p e o p l e will n e e d m o r e t r a i n i n g ti me and will be m o r e p r o n e to m i s t a k e s . As a resu lt , f e w e r p e o p l e will be a b l e to u s e the s y s t e m d i r e c t l y . 2. E v o l v a b i l i t y : E v o l v a b i l i t y is ,i n a se ns e, long te rm e a s e of use. It s h o u l d be e a s y to m o d i f y d a t a b a s e and a p p l i c a t i o n s th at u s e it to m e e t n e w or c h a n g i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h i s is an i m p o r t a n t o b j e c t i v e , b e c a u s e of the h i g h c o s t of the p r o g r a m m a t i n t a i n a n c e . 3. D a t a i n t e g r i t y : i m p r o v e d d a t a i n t e g r i t y is the th ir d D B M S o b j e c t i v e . i) V a l i d i t y : i n v o l v e s e n s u r i n g t h a t o n l y a c c e p t a b l e d a t a v a l u e s a r e e n t e r e d in to the d a t a b a s e . ii) B a c k u p a n d r e c o v e r y ; the D B M S m u s t be a b l e to c o r r e c t and r e s t o r e the d a t a b a s e w h e n t h e r e has be en a h a r d w a r e or s o f t w a r e f a i l ur e.

" 4. D a t a s e u r i t y : T h e f o u r t h D B M S o b j e c t i v e is i m p r o v e d d a t a s e c u r i t y . T h e d a t a b a s e is a v a l u a b l e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e th at m u s t . be p r o t e c t e d from u n a u t h o r i z e d a c c è s and use.

D B M S ' s can be c l a s s i f i e d in s e v e r a l w a y s for in s t a n c e , m o s t e a r l y D B M S s can be c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g to ty pe of u s e r for- w h o m th ey w e r e d e s i g n e d . A l t h o u g h th is c l a s s i f i c a t i o n has m o r e h i s t o r i c than c u r r e n t i m p o r t a n c e , it s h o u l d be d i s c u s s e d . B e c a u s e s o m e of the p r o b l e m s th at a r o s e d u e to th is c l a s s i f i c a t i o n still p l a u g e DEiMS d e v e l o p e r s and user s.

A c c o r d i n g to 01 in H, B r a y (3) , in the late 1 9 6 0 ' s a d a t a m a n a g e m e n t p r o b l e m ar ose, f i r s t w i t h i n the i n t e l l i g e n c e c o m m u n i t y , but s o o n w i t h i n m a n y o t h e r t y p e s of o r g a n i s a t i o n s as well. End us ers, t h a t is, non p r o g r a m m i n g u s e r s n e e d e d to be a b l e to ask a v a r i e t y of u n a n t i c i p a t e d or ad hoc q u e s t i o n s of t h e i r d a t a b a s e and to r e c e i v e a r e l a t i v e l y f a s t r e s p o n s e . " R e l a t i v e l y fast" in t h e s e crises m e a n t s e c o n d s or m i n u t e s , a s o p p o s e d to days, w e ek s, or m o n t h s it w o u l d h a v e ta ke n for a p r o g r a m to be w r i t t e n for e a c h of t h e s e u n a n t i c i p a t e d q u e r i e s . To m e e t th is need, a v a r i e t y of "self - c o n t a i n e d " D B M S s w e r e d e v e l o p e d . T h e d a t a s t o r e d in th e d a t a b a s e w e r e d e f i n e d to the s i m p l e q u e r y / u p d a t e l a n g u a g e for the end user. Th e q u e r y / u p d a t e l a n g u a g e ’ w a s q u i c k and e a s y to learn and a l l o w e d the end u s e r to a n s w e r m o s t of h i s q u e s t i o n s hi m s e l f , w i t h o u t the n e e d of a s p e c i f i c p r o g r a m . T h e s e s y s t e m s w e r e c a l l e d s e l f c o n t a i n e d d a t a b a s e m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m s . C e r t a i n t y p e s of d a t a c o u l d be put up on th i s 2.3 D E V E L O P M E N T OF DBMS 8

type; of d£\tabases and e s s e n t i a l l y remove;d f r o m the d=iy to d a y c o n c e r n of the d a t a p r o c c e s s i n g d e p a r t m e n t . T h e s e e a r l y se lf c o n t a i n e d D B M S s w e r e d e s i g n e d s o l e l y for the end u s e r and t h e r e f o r e had no p r o g r a m m i n g l a n g u a g e i n t e r f a c e for the p r o g r a m m e r . W h i l e t h e s e se lf c o n t a i n e d s y s t e m s w e r e e v o l v i n g in a d i f f e r e n t d a t a p r o c c e s s i n g e n v i r o n m e n t .

As a p p l i c a t i o n s y s t e m s and t h e i r d a t a requireme?n ts b e c a m e m o r e comple;-!, a n a l y s t s and p r o g r a m m e r s w e r e f o r c e d to spe;nd m o r e t i m e and e f f o r t on r o u t i n e d a t a m a n a g e m e n t f u n c t i o n s , r a t h e r than on a p p l i c a t i o n s . A s e c o n d t y p e of D B M S e v o l v e d to m e e t this n e e d : the h o s t e d DBMS. Ag a i n , the d a t a s t r u c t u r e wa s d e f i n e d a n d a s e t of d a t a m a n a g e m e n t r o u i t i n e s wa s d e v e l o p e d to do m o s t of the r o u t i n e d a t a m a n a g e m e n t o p e r a t i o n s for the p r o g r a m m e r . T h e d a t a m a n i p u l a t i o n l a n g u a g e for t h e s e s y s t e m s w a s n o t s e l f c o n t a i n e d , but w a s embeddisd or h o s t e d w i t h i n o n e or m o r e p r o g r a m m i n g l a n g u a g e s . I n f o r m a t i o n m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m (IMS) an d its s u c c e s s o r s e v o l v e d to s o l v e t h i s ty pe of p r o b l e m d a t a m a n a g e m e n t w i t h i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l d a t a p r o c e s s i n g e n v i r o n m e n t .

2 . 4 C O M P O N E N T S OF A D B M S 2 . 4 . 1 D a t a b a s e T h e s e a r e the d a t a t h a t d e s c r i b e the v a r i o u s entities;, a t t r i b u t e s , r e l a t i o n s h i p s of i n t e r e s t . An e n t i t y t y p e r e f e r s to a s p e c i f i c kind of o b j e c t , s u c h as c u s t o m e r s or s t u d e n t s . A t t r i b u t e s a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s e e n t i t i e s . E a c h t y p e e n t t y h a s a s p e c i f i c se t of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s or a t t r i b u t e s . A s t u d e n t for e K a m p l e , has a n u m b e r , a name, an a d d r e s s , etc. All t h e s e a t t r i b u t e s d e s c r i b e a s t u d e n t , but s o m e of t h e m (e.p. t h e i r s t u d e n t n u m b e r ) a r e i d e n t i f i e r s t h a t u n i q e l y s p e c i f y a p a r t i c u l a r s t u d e n t . M o s t e n t i t y t y p e s h a ve o n l y o n e i d e n t i f i e r , but it m a y be m a d e u p of s e v e r a l a t t r i b u t e s . R e l a t i o n s h i p s i n d i c a t e the w a y s in w h i c h v a r i o u s e n t i t y t y p e s a r e linked. 2 . 4 . 2 D a t a b a s e D e f i n i t i o n T h e s e c o n d c o m p o n e n t of a D B M S is the d a t a b a s e d e f i n i t i o n . M o s t D B M S ' s t o d a y h a v e two level a r c h i t e c t u r e for t h e i r d a t a b a s e d e f i n i t i o n . T h e s e two

l e v e l s a r e c a l l e d the s c h e m a and the s u b s c h e m a . T h e s c h e m a p r o v i d e s a c o m p l e t e d e s c r i p t i o n of the e n t i r e d a t a b a s e as it is st or ed . T h i s d e f i n i t i o n i n c l u d e s the p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the data, s u c h a s the form at , s t o r a g e l o c a t i o n and the a c c è s p a t h s to the data. T h e s c h e m a a l s o d e f i n e s the logi ca l s t r u c t u r e of

t h (5 d a t iS b a s e .

T h e s u b s c h e m a d e s c r i b e s that, p a r t of the d a t a b a s e used by a p a r t i c u l a r a p p l i c a t i o n . It d e s c r i b e s the dataxbase as the a p p l i c a t i o n e x p e c t s it, r a t h e r than as it is a c t u a l l y s t o r e d . T h e s u b s c h e m a is s i m i l a r to the s c h e m a e x c e p t that it c o n t a i n s o n l y logical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the d a t a b a s e . S i n c e the? u s e r s h o u l d be c o m p l e t e l y i s o l a t e d fr om the p h y s i c a l a s p e c t s of the d a t a b a s e , the s u b s c h e m a d o e s n o t n e e d to d e f i n e a n y of these c h a r e c t e r i s t i c s . T h e s u b s c h e m a d e f i n e s e n t i t i y types, t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s , t h e i r a t t r i b u t e s and the f o r m a t in w h i c h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n e x p e c t s the data. 2.4 . 3 Data M a n i p u l a ti o n L a n g u a g e D a t a m a n i p u l a t i o n l£'.nguage is the th ir d c o m p o n e n t of a DBMS. It m u s t a l l o w the u s e r to d o f o u r basic o p e r a t i o n s : 1. R e t r i e v e d a t a f r o m d a t a b a s e 2. M o d i f y d a t a t h a t a l r e a d y e x i s t in the d a t a b a s e 3. Add n e w dsita to the d a t a b a s e

4. D e l e t e d a t a t h a t a l r e a d y e x i s t in the d a t a b a s e 2.4 . 4 D a t ab a se P r o c e d u r e s T h e p r o c e d u r e s a c t u a l l y p e r f o r m the v a r i o u s d a t a b a s e m a n a g e m e n t f u n c t i o n s . E x a m p l e s of t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s i n c l u d e d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r a u s e r has a u t h o r i z a t i o n to a c c e s s the data, p h y s i c a l l y l o c a t i n g 11

the d a t a in the database,, and m a p p i n g b e t w e e n the s c h e m a and the s u b s c h e m a . 2.5 TYPES OF D A T A B AS E S T h e r e a r e t h r e e m a j o r t y p e s of dataibases ! H i e r a r c h i c , N e t w o r k and R e l a t i o n a l . M o s t d a t a b a s e s y s t e m s d e v e l o p e d r e c e n t l y a.rrelationail . (6) And we will a l s o u s r e l a t i o n a l d a t a b a s e orcjanization in t h is thesis, b e c a u s e of its h i g h e r c o n v e n i e n c e and f l e x i b i l i t y r e l a t i v e to o t h e r s , A r e l a t i o n a l d a t a b a s e c o n s i s t of a coll esc tion of n o r m a l i z e d f i l e s w i t h no li nk s b e t w e e n them. T h e s e fi le s a r e kn ow n as t a b l e s or reslations. R e c o r d s in the f i l e s a r e kn ow n as rows, and f i e l d s in the file ar e kn ow n as c o l u m n s . Thes t a b l e s nesed n o t be so rt ed . All the n e c e s s a r y dait<a r e t r i e v a l f u n c t i o n s a r e d o n e by databases m a n a g e r u s i n g a few s p e c i a l o p e r a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g o n e w h i c h m e r g e s f i l e s t o g e t h e r . 2.6 SOME F U N D A M E N T A L C O N C E P T S 2.6.1 File A fi le is t y p i c a l l y a c o l l e c t i o n of r e c o r d s of the s a m e type. (e.g. f a m i l y (aile) f i l e u s e d in t h is t h e s i s )

2 . 6 . 2 R e c o r d A r e c o r d d e s c r i b e s an o b j e c t t o g e t h e r w i t h the d e t a i l s of th at o b j e c t . Thus, a r e c o r d in a i l e f i le m i g h t d e s c r i b e n a m e s of the father, m o t h e r , b r o t h e r s / s i s t e r s and th ei r o c c u p a t i o n s , esducation l e v e l s and a d d r e s s e s . 2 . 6 . 3 F i e l d A fi el d is a s i n g l e u n i t of i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h i n a r e c o r d . In the e x a m p l e ab ove, n a m e of the f a t h e r is a field.

2 . 6 . 4 Index F i l e

Index fi le is u s e d in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a ma i n d a t a file. It ha s s h o r t r e c o r d s w h i c h c o n t a i n j u s t the key d a t a f r o m the ma in file. T h e in de x is k e p t in s o r t e d o r d e r w h i l e the m a i n f i l e is u n s o r t e d . W h e n a n e w r e c o r d is a d d e d to the d a t a file, it can s i m p l y be p l a c e d at the end. Th e in de x is u p d a t e d at the s a m e ti me to m a i n t a i n th e c o r r e c t reco rd , (e.g. in the t h e s i s B O L I N D X is an in de x f i l e and K İ M L İ K f i l e is its m a i n file.)

2 . 6 . 5 Key F i e l d

A key is a s t r i n g of c h a r a c t e r s t h a t is r e l a t e d to o n e r e c o r d in the d a t a b a s e . F o r e a s y r e f e r e n c e , a key is b a s e d on s o m e i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t ( a field) in the

record. F o r in s t a n c e , the keys; th at a r e m o s t l y u s e d in t h i s t h e s i s a r e the na\mes and the s i r n a m e s of the s t u d e n t s . 2 . 6 . 6 N o r m a l i z a t i o n N o r m a l i z a t i o n is a m e t h o d o l o g y for the d e s i g n of the r e l a t i o n a l daxtabases. T h i s is a b o t t o m - u p m e t h o d o l o g y . T h e dejsign p r o c e e d s as f o ll ow s. Fi r s t , ai p o o r r e l a t i o n a l s c h e m a is d e s i g n e d d i r e c t l y fr om the r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e n the s c h e m a is r e f i n e d in s t e p s by e l i m i n a t i n g c e r t a i n a s p e c t s of r e d u n d a n c y (and thus p o t e n t i a l i n c o n s i s t e n c y and u p d a t e a n o m a l i e s . ) ( S h a r m a n (10), D a t e (4), J a c k s o n (6), U l l m a n (11), S m i t h and B r n e s (1), Z a m i o l a and M e l k o n o f f (12)). As an e x a m p l e of the n o r m a l i z a t i o n p r oc es s, the o n e w h i c h is u s e d in th is t h e s i s w i l l be gi ve n. C o n s i d e r the f o l l o w i n g s t i u a t i o n . Th e r e c o r d of e a c h s t u d e n t s h o u l d c o n t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e i r d o r m i t o r i e s , e d u c a t i o n , family, ID, and i d e n t i t y books. R e d u n d a n t s t o r a g e of t h e s e can be s e e n e a s i l y . If o n e of t h e m is c h a n g e d , i n s t e a d of u p d a t i n g o n e of t h e m in the r e l a t i o n ( b e c a u s e o n l y o n e v a l u e is a c t u a l l y c h a n g e d ) , w e s h o u l d u p d a t e all of them. N o r m a l i z e d f o r m of the a b o v e r e l a t i o n can be the s e p a r a t e d f i l e s of d o r m i t o r y (yurt file), ID (k imlik file), e d u c a t i o n ( e ğ i t i m file), fanviiy (ail e file), and i d e n t i t y book (n uf us file).

CHAPTER HOW TO USE THE P R O G R A M

3.1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

In t h i s c h a p t e r , y o u will find e;:planations of how to u s e the prograun s u c h as how m e n u s c o m e on the s c r e e n aind w h i c h m e n u s p e r f o r m w h i c h jobs, A t u r k i s h v e r s i o n of th is c h a p t e r is g i v e n in A p p e n d i x I . T h e i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e detaxils of e a c h p r o g r a m f i l e s can be s e e n in A p p e n d i x A, A l s o the p r o g r m f i l e s a r e g i v e n in A p p e n d i c e s B, C, D, E, F, G. 3 . 2 T H E M E N U S

T h e r e a r e t w e l v e m e n u s w h i c h can be call led s u c c e s s i v e l y in the pr o g r a m , and e a c h m e n u p r o v i d e s s o m e al ternaitives to s e l e c t . T h e n e t w o r k of the m e n u s ca\n be s e e n in f i g u r e s 1 ?< 2. S e l e c t i n g an a l t e r n a t i v e can be achievtid by t y p i n g the n u m b e r th at c o r r e s p o n d s to thaxt a l t e r n a t i v e in the menu. In e a c h m e n u the last a l t e r n a t i v e w h i c h is e x i t (cikis) h e l p s u s to turn back to the u p p e r m e n u or e x i t th e p r o g r a m in the ma in m e n u

(anaitaxblo) .

3.2.1 Main Menu (Anatablo)

To s t a r t the pj^ogratm and r e a c h t h i s menu, th e use;r s h o u l d u s e d B A S E III P l u s p o c k e t p r o g r a m and g i v e the c o m m a n d "DO A N A T A B L O " . Then, a m e n u will a p p e a r on the s c re en , w h i c h the u s e r can c h o i c e o n e of the six

MAIN MENU

ANA TABLO

DATA ENTRY

VERI

g i r m e

EDITING DATA

VERI

d e ğ i ş t i r m e

DELETING DATA

VERI

s i l m e

RETRIEVING DATA

VERI TAR AM A

SOME STATISTICS

BAZI

i s t a t i s t i k l e r

»gü re

1

.

ETRIEVING DATA

ERI TARAM A

PRINT

PRINTER A YOLLA

DISPLAY/PRINT

ALL

h e p s in i

GOR/BAS

.DISPLAY ON THE

SCREEN

EKRANDA GOR

CHOOSE WHICH FILE

DO YOU W ANT TO

DISPLAY/PRINT

GORMEK/BASMAK

i s t e d i ğ i n i z

DOSYAYI

s e c i n i z

Fi

a . lt er na ti ve s- T h e s e atlternatives a r e ; 1 . Ve ri G i r m e (Data Entry) 2 . Ve ri D e ğ i ş t i r m e ( C h a n g i n g Data) 3 » Veri S i l m e ( D e l e t i n g Data) 4 »V e r i T a r a m a (R e t r iev in g Data) 5«Ei£tsi i s t a t i s t i k l e r (Some S t a t i s t i c s ) 6 » C i k i s (Exit) A n a t a b l o . p r g M o d u l e is g i v e n in A p p e n d i x B 3 . 2 . 2 D a t a E n t r y (Veri G i rm e)

W h e n y o u c h o o s e the f i r s t a l t e r n a t i v e in the main menu, y o u will f a c e w i t h a n e w m e n u (V e r g i r .m e n u ) that a s k s yo u w h i c h f i l e s th at yo u w a n t to e n t e r data. T h e s e a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e :

l . Y u r t B i l g i l e r i ( D o r m i t o r y Data) 2 „Kimlik B i l g i l e r i (ID Date-k)

3 . M u f u s B i l g i l e r i ( I d e n t i t y Bo ok Data) 4 „ E ğ i t i m D u r u m u (Educaition Data)

5. A i l e B i l g i l e r i ( F a m i l y Data)

V e r g i r . p r g M o d u l e is g i v e n in A p p e n d i x C

3 . 2 . 2 . 1 A l t e r n a t i v e 1

T h e p r o g r a m will u s e Y u r t . d b f f i l e and let y o u to e n t e r n e w d a t a to t h e file. Th e f o r m a t of the f i l e is qivein b e l o w in T a b l e 1.

3 . 2 . 2 . 2 A l t e r n a t i v e 2

Here, the p r o g r a m will u s e K i m l i k . dbf file, the s t r u c t u r e of k i m l i k f i l e is g i v e n b e l o w in T a b l e 2.

T A B L E 1 STRUCTUF<E OF T H E Y U R T . D B F F I L E F I E L D F I E L D N A M E TYF'E W I D T H 1 ISIM C H A R A C T E R 30 S O Y A D C H R A C T E R 15 O Y U R D C H A R A C T E R 8 4 G I R I S D A T E 8 5 B L O K N U M E R I C f··, £) O D A N U M E R I C 3 7 Y A T A K N U M E R I C 1 8 T E L E F O N N U M E R I C 4 9 Y U R T N O N U M E R I C 8 10 s i c i l M E M O 10 11 X X X X X X X X X C H A R A C T E R 10 X X X X X X X X X X s S t a n d s for an y a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n . 3 . 2 . 2 . 3 A l t e r n a t i v e 3 U s e d f i l e is N u f u s . d b f a n d the s t r u c t u r e of it, is g i v e n b e l o w in T a b l e 3. 3 . 2 . 2 . 4 A l t e r n a t i v e 4 E g i t i m . d b f f i l e is u s e d in t h i s al te rn si ti ve. T h e s t r u c t u r e of it is s h o w n b e l o w in T a b l e 4. 19

T A B L E 2

S T R U C T U R E OF T H E K İ M L İ K . DB F F I L E

F IELD F I E L D N A M E T Y P E WIDTH

1 ISIM CHA RACTER 30

SOYAD CHA RACTE R 15

3 DOĞUM YERİ CHA RACTE R 15

4 DOĞUM t a r i h i DATE 8

5 UYRUĞU CHA RACTE R 8

6 c i n s i y e t i C HARAC TER 1

7 FAKÜLTE C HA RAC TER 5

8 BOLUM C HARAC TER 15

9 SINIF NUMERIC 1

10 g i r i ş t a r i h i DATE 8

11 xxxxxxxxxx C HARAC TER 10

T A B L E SİRUCTUFiE OF T H E N Ü F U S . D B F F İ L E FI EL,D FIE1....D N A M E T Y P E W I D T H -.-.... .... — -- ---1 ISIM C H A R A C T E R 3 0 2 S O Y A D C H A R A C T E R 1 5 ■iîi i l C H A R A C T E R 1 2 4 i l c e C H A R A C T E R 1 5 5 B U C A K C H A R A C T E R 1 5 6 M A H A L L E C H A R A C T E R 1 5 7 H A N E C H A R A C T E R 6 8 c i l t C H A R A C T E R 7 9 S A Y F A N U M E R I C 3 10 m e d e n i h a l i C H A R A C T E R 5 11 d i n C H A R A C T E R 3 1 2 P A S A P O R T N O N U M E R I C 8 13 I K A T E S NO N U M E R I C 8 14 x x x x x x x x x C H A R A C T E R 10 2.1

1 S T R U C T U R E OF lABLE 4 T H E E Oi ti m.DBF F I L E FI ELID F 1E L D N A M E T Y P E W I D T H 1 ISIM C H A R A C T E R 30 S O Y A D . C H A R A C T E R 15 3 F A K Ü L T E C H A R A C T E R 6 4 B O L U M C H A R A C T E R 15 5 S I N I F N U M E R I C 1 6 L I S E C H A R A C T E R 15 7 KO L U C H A R A C T E R 10 8 d e r e c e s i N U M E R I C 9 B U R S C H A R A C T E R 15 10 Y A B A N C I d i l C H A R A C T E R 20 11 X X X X X X X X X C H A R A C T E R 10 3 . 2 . 2 . 5 A l t e r n a t i v e 5 In t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e , the p r o g r a m will u s e A i l e . d b f file. And the s t r u c t u r e of it is g i v e n b e l o w in T a b l e 5.

c_{TFRUCTURE OF I'HE AI LE..DBF F I L E}T A B L E 5 F I E L D F I E L D N A M E T Y P E W I D T H 1 ADI C H A R A C T E R 30 /-j _{S O Y A D C H A R A C T E R 15} 3 A M K A R A a d r e s i C H A R A C T E R 40 4 v e l i a d i C H A R A C T E R 15 5 v e l i S O YA DI C H A R A C T E R 15 6 ISI C H A R A C T E R 15 7 IS a d r e s i C H A R A C T E R 40 8 i k a m e t a d r e s i C H A R A C T E R 40 9 B A B A ADI C H A R A C T E R 15 10 B A B A N I N ISI C H A R A C T E R 15 11 B A B A N I N a d r e s i C H A R A C T E R 40 12 a n n e ADI C H A R A C T E R 15 13 a n n e n i n i s i C H A R A C T E R 15 14 a n n e n i n a d r e s i C H A R A C T E R 40 15 k a r d e ş a d i 1 C H A R A C T E R 15 16 K A R D E Ş ADI 2 C H A R A C T E R 15 17 K A R D E Ş ADI 3 C H A R A C T E R 15 18 a c i l A D R E S C H A R A C T E R 40 19 20 a c i l T E L E F O N X X X X X X X X X X N U M E R I C C H A R A C T E R 9 10

3 . 2 . 3 C h a n g i n g D a t a (Veri D e ğ i ş t i r m e )

Th e s e c o n d a l t e r n a t i v e in the ma in m e n u hel|3s yo u to c h a n g e d a t a t h a t is s t o r e d befo re , but c h a n g e d later on. T h i s m e n u (V e r d e g .m e n u ) a s k s y o u to c h o o s e f i l e s t h a t yo u w a n t to m a k e c h a n g e s . T h e s e f i l e s a r e the s a m e w i t h the f i l e s in d a t a e n t r y menu.

V e r d e g . p r g m o d u l e is g i v e n in A p p e n d i x D

3 . 2 . 4 D e l e t i n g D a t a (Veri Silm e)

T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e ,in the m a i n menu, h e l p s y o u to d e l e t e s o m e old or d u p l i c a t e d d a t a in the files. T h e r e a r e se ve n a l t e r n a t i v e s in th is m e n u (V e r s i 1.m e n u ). F i r s t fi ve a l t e r n a t i v e s ask y o u to w h i c h fi le do y o u w a n t to d€ilete. T h e s e alternativEis can be u s e d in d e l e t i n g d u p l i c a t e d data. the s i x t h alternaitive h e l p s y o u to d e l e t e all f i l e s of a g i v e n s t u d e n t . T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e an bei u s e d w h e n y o u w a n t to d e l e t e d a t a a b o u t an old s t u d e n t , s e v e n t h a l t e r n a t i v e is to e x i t to m a i n menu. V e r s i l . p r g M o d u l e is givEin in A p p e n d i x E. 3 . 2 . 5 R e t r i e v i n g D a t a (Veri Ta r a m a ) T h e f o u r t h a l t e r n a t i v e in the m a i n m e n u h e l p s us to retrİEive d a t a in d i f f e r e n t ways. F i r s t m e n u (V e r t a r .m e n u ) th at we will be f a c e d w i t h will s e r v e us two a l t e r n a t i v e : ,1.E k r a n d a G o r ( D i s p l a y on the Sc r e e n ) 24

2 „P г i n te г 'a Y o l l a (P г i n t )

These a l t e r n a t i v e s as can tae u n d e r s t o o d from t h e i r n a m e s will he lp y o u to s e e i n f o r m a t i o n on the s c r e e n or in the p r i n t o u t form» W h a t e v e r y o u c h o o s e fr om t h e s e a l t e r n a t i v e s , y o u will fa ce w i t h the s a m e m e n u next. V e r t a r . p r q M o d u l e is g i v e n in A p p e n d i к E 3 . 2 „5.1 A l t e r n a t i v e s of R e t r i e v i n g D a t a (T ar am a s e ç e n e k l e r i ) T h i s m e n u (VTl .m en u) will s h o w up, wh en yo c h o o s e 1 or 2 in the p r e v i o u s menu. T h e r e a r e two a l t e r n a t i v e s a g a i n :

.1. .Тек Тек O o r / B a s ( D i s p l a y / P r i n t O n e by One) 2 . H e p s i n i G o r / B a s (D i s p l a y / P r i n t All)

In d i s p l a y i n g and pr i n t i n g , the p r o g r a m will u s e Y u r t . l b l , Kimlik. Ibl, IMufus.lbl, E ğ i t i m » Ibl, A i l e . l b l files. T h e f o r m a t of e a c h f i l e is g i v e n b e l o w in T a b l e s 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 .

W h e n y o u c h o o s e f i r s t a l t e r n a t i v e , the p r o g r a m will ask y o u to e n t e r n a m e and last n a m e of the s t u d e n t and then p r o v i d e s y o u w i t h f i v e d i f f e r e n t a l t e r n a t i v e s w h i c h a r e the p r e v i o u s l y e x p l a i n e d f i l e s (yurt, kimlik, nu fus, e ğ i t i m , a i le ). Y o u can s e e a n y of t h e s e or all of

th em a b o u t the s t u d e n t th at y o u g a v e h i s / h e r n a m e and s i r n a m e .

TABLE ti

STFÎUCTURE OF THE YURTLBL.LBL F IL E L A B E L C O N T E N T S s 4 s I S I M , S O Y A D YURD,YL1RT NO G I R I S B L O K ,O D A ,Y A T A K T E L E F O N T A B L E 7 S T R U C T U R E OF TH E K I M L I K L B L n L B L F I L E L A B E L C O N T E N T S : Is I S I M , S O Y A D 2s D G U M YERI, D O G U M T A Rİ Hİ 3s UY RU ĞU , c i n s i y e t i 4 s F A K Ü L T E ,B O L U M ,S I N IF 5 s G I R I S t a r i h i T A B L E 8 S T R U C T U R E O F T H E NUFLISLBL.LBL F I L E -ABEL C O N T E N T S : Is I S I M , S 0 Y A D 2s I L j I L C E 3s B U C A K , M A H A L L E 4s H A N E , C İ L T , S A Y F A 5 s M E D E N İ HALI, DİNİ 6 s P A S A P O R T NO, IK A T E S NO 26

TABLE 9

STRUCTURE OF THE E G m M L B I ...LBL FILE L A B E L C O N T E N T S s 1 s 4 1 5! L· 1 i s:i:m ,s o y a d F A K Ü L T E ,B O L U M ,S I N I F i l i s e,KOLU d e r e c e s i B U R S Y A B A N C I d i l t a b l e 10 S T R U C T U R E OF T H E A I L E L B L . L B L F I L E L A B E L C O N T E N T S ; 4s 5; 6: 7: 3: 9; 10; 1 1; A D I , S O Y A D A N K A R A a d r e s i VELİ A D I ,v e l i S O Y A D I v e l i i s i, i s a d r e s i i k a m e t g a h a d r e s i b a b a a d i, B A B A N I N ISI B A B A N I N a d r e s i a n n e a d i,a n n e n i n i s i a n n e n i n a d r e s i K A R D E Ş A D LA RI a c i l a d r e s,a c i l T E L E F O N

W h e n y o u c h o o s e the? ssjcond al te^rnative, y o u will be s u p p l i e d w i t h f i v e c r i t e r i a w h i c h are? d e t e r m i n e d by the heîlp of d i s c u s s i o n s e s s i o n s w i t h the? d o r m i t o r y m a n a g e m e n t . The?se a r e s

1. . D i s p l a y or P r i n t (from n o w on, we? will use? D / P n o t a t i o n for D i s p l a y / P r i n t ) a c c o r d i n g to the d e? p a r t m e? n t s .

2 „D/P ac c ord ;i. n g to t he i r name?s, 3 . D/ P a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r sirname?s.

4 . D/F‘ a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r d o r m i t a r y r e g i s t r a t i o n n u m b e r .

5 . D/ P a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r e n t r y d a t e to the d o r m i t o r y . W h e n f i r s t c r i t e r i o n is ch os en , the p r o g r a m will use? K i m l i k . d b f f i l e and a n o t h e r me?nu will s h o w u p in the s c r e e n w h i c h p r o v i d e s y o u w i t h two a l t e r n a t i v e s .

.l.Tek Te?k B ö l ü m l e r i (Bor/Bas (D/F' O n e De?partme?nt) 2 . B u t u n B ö l ü m l e r i Gcsr/Bas (D/P All D e p a r t m e n t s )

In the f i r s t al te sr na ti ve, the use?r g i v e s the n a m e of the d e p a r t m e n t and p r o g r a m s h o w s y o u all s t u d e n t s of the? give?n d e p a r t m e n t .

In the? s e c o n d a l t e r n a t i v e , all d e p a r t m e n t s will s h o w up w i t h a l p h a b e t i c a l or de r. T h e p r o g r a m will u s e K i m l i k . Ibl in d i s p l a y i n g and p r i n t i n g the r e co rd s.

S e c o n d , third, . f o u r t h and f i f t h c r i t e r i a in the p r e v i o u s m e n u will u s e Y u r t . d b f f i l e and Y u r t . l b l in d i s p l a y i n g / p r i n t i n g .

W i t h i n t h i s p r og ra m, c o m p u t e r will a l w a y s ask

the f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s

INDEX F I L E IS ALR'EADY E X IS T, O V E R W R I T E IT (Y) (N)

Y s h o u l d be e n t e r e d e a c h time in o r d e r to c o n t i n u e

3.2.6. S ome S t a t i s ti c s (Basi I s t a t i s t i k l e r )

W h e n we c h o o s e this a l t e r n a t i v e in the ma in menu, we will be faced w i t h fo ur a l t e r n a t i v e s . All th e s e £tl t e r n a t i v e s g i v e us the n u m b e r of s t u d e n t s of s p e c i f i e d chiirac t e r i s t i c s , T h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are: 1. M a l e s t u d e n t s , 2. F e m a l e s t u d e n t s , 3. F-oreign s t u d e n t s , 4. N u m b e r of s t u d e n t s , a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r c l a s s e s .

C H A P T E R IV “ C O N C L U S I O N

T h i s t h e s i s p r o v i d e s a n e w ctnd c o m p u t e r i s e d s o l u t i o n for s t u d e n t r e g i s t r a t i o n of B i l k e n t U n i v e r s i t y D o r m i t o r i e s . Msiin id ea in the t h e s i s is the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of D B M S for B i l k e n t U n i v e r s i t y D o r m i t o r y manage?ment. We h a v e u s e d d B A S E III P l u s for the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a DEiMS w h i c h is e a s y to use, e a s y to m o d i f y , e a s y to m e e t n e w or chaunging require?ments and w h i c h has i m p r o v e d d a t a i n t e g r i t y and s e c u r i t y .

F i v e f i l e s a r e u s e d for 6?au::h s t u d e n t , axnd t h e r e ar e ten m e n u s th at m a k e s the p r o g r a m e a s y to use. Yurt, Kimlik, Nu fu s, E ğ it im , and A i l e f i l e s an d t h e i r s t r u c t u r e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d a f t e r the d u s c u s s i o n s w i t h the d o r m i t o r y m a n a g e m e n t ,

Some? of the a d v a n t a g e s of t h i s p r o g r a m are:

1) Fiecords will n o t be lost or r e p l a c e d in the w r o n g o r d e r by the user,

2) It will be e a s y to m a n i p u l a t e , d i s p l a y , or a n a l y s e the data,

3) R e t r i e v i n g r e c o r d s will be q u i c k e r then before, 4) It is e a s y to m o d i f y pr og r a m , w h e n it is ne e d e d .

T h e m a i n d i s a d v a n t a g e of the p r o g r a m is th e l i m i t s of the d B A S E III Plus. S o m e of the l i m i t s are:

a c h a r a c t e r s in a d a t e field, -- 1 c h a r a c t e r in a logical field,

■··- 19 c h a r a c t e r s in a nL.imeric field, - 40 00 c h a r a c t e r s in a m e m o fi el d

10 op en f i l e s at o n e time»

M o s t i m p o r t a n t l i m i t a t i o n of th is p r o g r a m is the c a p a c i t y of the m e m o r y d e v i c e that will be used. S o m e c o m p u t a t i o n s on tH'e n u m b e r of c o m p l e t e r e c o r d s th at can be s t o r e d by d i f f e r e n t m e m o r y d e v i c e s a r e g i v e n below.

A s i n g l e f l o p p y disk s 3 6 0 . 0 0 0 / 1 0 2 6 = 3 5 0 reco rd s. 3 6 0 . 0 0 0 is the c a p a c i t y of the f l o p p y disk.

10 26 is the total of fi el d w i d t h s in e a c h fi le for e a c h s t u d e n t .

A 1.2 ME» Di sk d r i v e ; 1 . 2С>0.000/iC)26=l. 17»Э reco rd s. An o p t i o n a l 20 M B H a r d di sk s 2 0 . 0 0 0 . » Х Ю / 1 0 2 6 = 1 9 . 5 0 0 r e c o r d s

A n d a l s o if c a p a c i t y is a v a i l a b l e , th is p r o g r a m can s t o r e u p to 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 / 1 0 2 6 = 9 7 4 . 6 5 8 re co r d s . Bu t in p r a c t i c e , d B A S E III P l u s s h o u l d n ' t be u s e d to m a n a g e m o r e than 1 0 . »lO»!) r e c o r d s in a s i n g l e d a t a b a s e . E»ecouse

it t a k e s too long to r e t r i e v e i n f o r m a t i o n .

An a p p l i c a t i o n e x a m p l e of the p r o g r a m is g i v e n in A p p e n d i x H.

“!»· H ol

R tE F-■ E£ Ft El. FI O E:·: E3

I. . Barn es , G»M. and Smith, P„D„, F iles A n d P a t a b a s e , A d d i s o n - W e s l e y P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , (.1987) .

2. Bowe rs , D.S., F rom D a ta To D a t a b a s e , Van N o s t r a n d R e i n h o l d ( U K ) Co„ Ltd., M o l l y Millaxrs Lane, W o k i n g h a m , B e r k s h i r e , E n g l a n d , (1987).

3. Bray, O.H., D i s t r i b u t e d Da..tiilbiBe M a n a g e m e n t S y s t em, L e x i n g t o n Books, M a s s a c h u s e t t s , (1982).

4. Date, C.J., An. I n t r o d u c t i o n To, D a^ta^base S y s t e m s , 3rd EEd, A d d i s o n - W e s l e y , R e a d i n g , M a s s a c h u s e t t s ,

(1981)

5. De Pace, M., T h e D B A S E F-'rociramming Lauiguaqe. C o l l i n s Books, 8 G r a f t o n S t r e e t , L o nd on , (1986),. 6. J a c k s o n , G.A. , R e l a t i o n a l Da tat b a s e D e s i g n W i t h M i c r o c o m p u t e r A p p l ic a t i o n s . Pr en ti ce Hall, E n g l e w o o d C l i f f s , N e w J e r s e y , (1988). 7- Lima, T., M a s t e r i n g d B A S E III, P l u s In L e s s Th an A Day., P r e n t i c e Hall, E n g l e w o o d C l i f f s , N e w Je rs ey , (1986).

E:). Ma rt in , J., An. End U s e r s G u i d e To D a t a b a s e , P r e n t i c e Hall, EEnglewood C l i f f s , N e w Je rs ey , (1981). 9, ELishe, N. , D a t a b a s e D e s i g n F u n d a m e n ta 1 s , P r e n t i c e Hall, E n g l e w o o d C l i f f s , N e w J e r s e y , (1988). 10. S harman, G . , I n t r o d u c t i o n To T h e D a t a b a se On M i c r o c o m p u t e r s , A d d i s o n - W e s l e y P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , W o k i n g h a m , E n g l a n d , (1987). II. U l l m a n , J.D., ^^■^rinciples Qf D a t a b a s e S y s t e m s . C o m p u t e r S c i e n c e Pr es s, W a s h i n g t D.C., (1979). 12. Z a ni ol o, C., and M e l k a n o f f , M . A . , "On T h e D e s i g n Qf R e l a t i o n a l D a t a b a s e D e s i g n S c h e m a t a " , A C M T r a n s a c t io ns On. D a t a b a se S y s t e m s , Vo 1.6, No.l, (.1981), pp .1 -4 7.

INTEFiNAL STRUCTUFiE OF TH E P R O G R A M

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N

T h i s Appendi;·; e x p l a i n s the internal, s t r u c t u r e d e t a i l s of eacFt p r o g r a m f i l e s (¡F-. prg files). TFie p r o g r a m f i l e s can be seien in A p p e n d i x A,B,,C,D,E. W h i l e g o i n g t h r o u g h th is c h a p t e r , we will f o l l o w the s a m e s e q u e n c e witFi the tFrird c h a p te r.

2. ANATABLO.F-'RO

Flere, we will s e e the c o m m a n d s t h a t a r e used in the A n a t a b l o . p r g m o du le . T h e s e a r e s cl ea r, clear- all, se t talk off, s e t e c h o off, store, do wF»ile, do ase, @ s a y / g e t , © r o w i . c o l l to r o w 2 , c o l 2 do ub le , read, r e t u r n .

2.1 C l e a r

C l e a r s the s c r e e n of a n y p r e v i o u s l y d i s p l a y e d d a t a and p o s i t i o n s the c u r s o r at the top left c o r n e r of the sc re en . 2 - 2 C l e a r All C l o s e s all d a t a b a s e f i l e s i n c l u d i n g the o n e c u r r e n t l y in use. 2 - 3 S e t T a l k Off U s e d in p r o g r a m s to p r e v e n t thie d i s p l a y of d B A S E 34

messageis s u c h as the c u r r e n t re c o r d numtaeir.

2.. 4 S e t E c h o Off

Us ed n o t to d i s p l a y p r o g r a m lines.

2.. 5 S t o r e

C r e a t e s m e m o r y vairiable, here, t h i s c o m m a n d a s s i g n s the type c h a r e c t e r i s t i c s to a Vcxriable in the s e n s e that the c r e a t e d Vciriable will be of the s a m e t y pe as the e x p r e s s i o n s t o r e d to it.

2 . 6 Do W h i l e

E n a b l e s y o u to p e r f o r m a DO loop. T h i s m e a n s that the c o m m a n d s b e t w e e n the DO W H I L E line and the E N D D O line will be e x e c u t e d r e p e a t e d l y w h i l e the c o n d i t i o n s p e c i f i e d in the c o m m a n d e v a l u a t e s as true. If the c o n d i t i o n is e v a l u a t e d as false, e x e c u t i o n will pass i m m e d i a t e l y to the c o m m a n d f o l l o w i n g the E N D D Q line.

2 . 7 Do Cas€? T h i s c o m m a n d e n a b l e s y o u to s e l e c t a s i n g l e c o u r s e of a c t i o n f r o m a n u m b e r of a l t e r n a t i v e s . The c o m m a n d is f r e q u e n t l y us ed in p r o c e s s i n g m e n u s w h e r e the u s e r is a b l e to s e l e c t o n e m e n u o p t i o n at a time. 3 5.

2u 8 (!!! S a y / B e t

© r o w , c o l s a y / g e t s p e c i f y a p a r t i c u l a r p o s i t i o n on the s c r e e n for e i t h e r o u t p u t or in pu t and to a p p l y f o r m a t t i n g r u l e s to the d i s p l a y and in pu t a r e a s -2.9 @ R o w l , C o l l to R o w 2 , C o l 2 D o u b l e D r a w s a rectaingle w i t h s p e c i f i e d c o o r d i n a t e s . 2 . 10 R e ad T h i s c o m m a n d is u s e d to a c t i v a t e a G e t a r e a and to t r a n s f e r d a t a fr om the G e t area. 2.11 R e t u r n H a n d s e x e c u t i o n back to the c a l l i n g mo du le . 3. V E R G I R . P R G A d d i t i o n a l c o m m a n d s t h a t a r e u s e d u n d e r this p r o g r a m are: 3«1 U s e O p e n s a d a t a b a s e f i l e for use. T h e f i l e n a m e m a y be s u p p l i e d w i t h o u t an e x t e n s i o n . 3 . 2 A p p e n d R e s u l t in a d d i t i o n of a r e c o r d or r e c o r d s 36