The Effect of Using Chitosan obtained by Low Degree of Deacetylation in Laying Hen Diets
Abbreviated title: Low Degree Deacetylated Chitosan in Layer Diet
Afshin Farivar1, Naeim Saber1, Zeynep Şahan2 Uğur Serbester3, Fatma Yenilmez4, Ahmet Tekeli5, Aygül Küçükgülmez6, Ali Eslem Kadak6, Mehmet Çelik6, Ladine Çelik1*, Hasan Rüştü Kutlu1
1Çukurova University, Agricultural Faculty, Dept. of Animal Science, Adana, TURKEY 2Adıyaman University, Vocational School of Kahta, Adıyaman, TURKEY
3Niğde University, Vocational School of Bor, Niğde, TURKEY
4Çukurova University, Vocational School of Tufanbeyli, Adana, TURKEY
5Yüzüncü Yıl University, Agricultural Faculty, Dept. of Animal Science Van, TURKEY 6Çukurova University, Fisheries Faculty, Dept. of Seafood Processing Technology,
Adana, TURKEY
* corresponding author: e-mail: ladine@cu.edu.tr
Summary
The present study was conducted to evaluate whether dietary chitosan with low degree of deacetylation (minimum %70) would affect laying performance and egg quality of layers. Thirty four weeks old laying hens were divided into 5 treatment groups of similar mean weight, comprising 14 birds each. The birds were fed standard layer diets containing 0, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 ppm low deacetylated chitosan for 8 weeks period. The birds were housed in individual cages in a complete randomized design. A 16:8 hours light:dark photoperiod was employed. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Laying performance was assessed by recording feed intake, egg weight, egg production daily; egg quality weekly. The results (Table 1) showed that low degree deacetylated-chitosan supplementation did not have significant (P>0.05) effects on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, body weight, egg quality parameters.
The results suggest that different levels of dietary low degree deacetylated chitosan may not improve performance and egg quality of laying hens regardless of the supplementation levels. Key Words: Laying Hen, Low Degree Deacetylated Chitosan, Performance, Egg Quality
Introduction
Chitosan is a bioactive polymer obtained from marine crustaceans and the deacetylated (to varying degrees) form of chitin, which, unlike chitin, is soluble in acidic solutions. Chitosan has three types of reactive functional groups, an amino group as well as both primary and secondary hydroxyl groups at the C-2, C-3 and C-6 positions, respectively. Chemical modifications of these groups have provided numerous useful materials in different fields of application. On the other hand, since the biodegradation of chitin is very slow in crustacean shell waste, accumulation of large quantities of discards from processing of crustaceans has become a major concern in the seafood processing industry (Shadidi et al., 1999). There could be many ways to alleviate environmental pollution, one of them is processing wastes to produce by product to use in animal nutrition to feed the animal or produce functional food for human nutrition. The present research project was aimed to
investigate production and usability of chitosan, which are produce from marine crustacean shell waste.
Material and Methods
Prior to the trial, seventy 33-weeks-old layers were fed ad libitum with a standard layer diet for a week period, during which daily egg production and egg weight were recorded. At the beginning of the trial period, when the birds were 34 weeks old, they were divided into 5 experimental groups of similar mean body weight and egg production level, comprising 14 birds each. The birds were fed a diet supplemented with 0, 200, 400, 800 or 1600 ppm low deacetylated chitosan for 8 weeks. Low deacetylated chitosan produced from marine crustacean shell waste. The standard layer (The first phase-cage) diet obtained from a commercial feed company was used as a basal feed. The birds were housed in individual layer cages of three-tier battery blocks in a complete randomized design at a conventional ambient temperature (20-22C) with a relative humidity of 60-70%. Light was provided 16 hours (from 05.00 to 21.00) each day. Performance was determined daily by measuring feed intake, egg mass, feed conversion ratio (egg mass:feed intake) and egg production (in house, number and weight). Egg quality was estimated by measuring egg-shape index (width/length), shell weight, shell thickness, egg weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, albumen height, yolk index (weigh/height) and yolk colour score (Hunter Lab) of each egg obtained on the third day of every week. Shell samples from top, middle and bottom of the egg were measured for thickness using a micrometer and the mean was calculated prior to statistical analysis.
The data obtained in the experiment were analysed using the General Linear Models (GLM) and orthogonal polynomial of SAS (1985). Linear, quadratic and cubic effects were determined by orthogonal polynomial contrasts.
Results and Discussion
The performance and egg quality of laying hens receiving different level low degree deacetylated chitosan are summarized in Table 1.
The results showed that low degree deacetylated chitosan supplementation did not have significant (P>0.05) effects on feed intake, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, body weight and egg quality parameters. Nogueira et al. (2003) fed laying hens supplemental shark cartilage or chitosan, that has purported intestinal bile acid-binding properties, and reported no overall effect of either compound on yolk cholesterol content. Lim et al. (2006) reported 100 ppm copper in chitosan chelate (Chitosan-Cu) did not affected performance of broiler chickens. However Świątkiewicz et al. (2013) showed that additive as feed chitosan can positively affect the performance of layers given the well-balanced diet with a high concentration of DDGS (200 g/kg). Khambualai et al. (2009) reported that growth performance of broiler was improved by supplementary a low content of chitosan, and this may be attributed due to the presence of
hypertrophied villi and epithelial cells. Vrzhesinskaia et al. (2005) showed that the most optimal dose of chitosan for the improvement of eggs nutritive value was 10 mg. Vakhramova (2008) recommended the addition of acid soluble chitosan more than water soluble chitosan to ration for productivity and quality parameters of laying hens. Chitosan has been reported to interfere with fat digestion and absorption in the intestinal tract of rats, and to facilitate the excretion of dietary fat into the feces (Deuchi et al. 1994). This may explain the lower nutrient digestibilities of laying hens fed diets supplemented with low degree deacetylated chitosan which in turn no resulted in performance and egg quality improvement in this experiment.
Table 1. Effects of Low Degree Deacetylated Chitosan Supplementation on Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens
Parameters Low Degree Deacetylated Chitosan (ppm) SED P Mean Effects
¥
0 200 400 800 1600 L Qd C Qa
Laying performances
Initial body weight (g) 1686.94 1657.50 1653.33 1692.69 1653.21 24.15 - - - - - Final body weight (g) 1834.17 1880.00 1873.75 1897.31 1882.14 20.22 - - - - - Total feed intake (FI; g/bird/56 days) 5894.00 6264.64 6087.00 6108.85 6312.64 65.68 - - - - - Egg mass (EM; g/bird/56 days) 3272.02 3291.01 3149.15 3112.54 3198.70 44.18 - - - - - Feed conversion ratio (FI/EM) 1.83 1.91 2.03 1.97 1.98 0.03 - - - - -
Mean egg weight (g/day) 60.96 61.45 61.11 61.32 60.43 0.53 - - - - -
Number of eggs (/bird/56 days) 53.65 53.50 50.50 50.69 52.71 0.52 - - - - -
Egg qualities
Egg weight (g/egg) 61.15 61.64 61.11 61.28 60.42 0.54 - - - - -
Shell weight (g/egg) 7.32 7.29 7.14 7.14 7.13 0.06 - - - - -
Yolk weight (g/egg) 15.38 15.27 14.86 15.26 15.41 0.13 - - - - -
Albumen weight (g/egg) 38.45 39.09 39.12 38.88 37.89 0.47 - - - - -
Shape index (%) 77.70 78.27 76.84 77.74 77.72 0.28 - - - - -
Egg yolk index 46.43 46.01 45.09 46.36 46.37 0.23 - - - - -
Albumen index 8.98 8.84 8.78 9.22 9.21 0.20 - - - - - L (lightness) 54.55 55.21 54.55 54.72 55.30 0.18 - - - - - a (redness) 17.88 17.62 18.04 17.85 17.84 0.10 - - - - - b (yellowness) 62.50 63.52 62.90 61.66 63.02 0.37 - - - - - Haugh unit 83.01 82.64 82.73 84.28 84.28 0.71 - - - - - Breaking strength (kg/cm²) 5.88 5.68 5.66 5.59 5.84 0.13 - - - - -
Mean shell thickness (µm) 393.94 393.73 391.38 397.05 389.24 2.19 - - - - -
*: P<0.05 ; **: P<0.01 ; - : Not significant (P>0.05) ¥: L:linear; Qd: quadratic; C: cubic; Qa:quartic effects SED: standart error of difference between means.
Conclusion
It could be concluded that providing dietary low degree deacetylated chitosan, which is produced from marine crustacean shell as a waste product of seafood industry, could not have any potential to increase performance and egg quality of laying hens regardless of the supplementation levels.
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