Rekabeti Kısıtlayıcı Birleşme ve Devralmalarda Çözümler ve Taahhütler

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(6) İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No SUNUŞ .......................................................................................................... iv KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................... v GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................. 1 Bölüm 1 REKABETİ SINIRLAYICI NİTELİKTEKİ BİRLEŞMELERDE ESASA İLİŞKİN ÇÖZÜMLER 1.. 2.. 3.. AYRIŞTIRMA ........................................................................................ 5 1.1. ALICININ ETKİLİ, UZUN VADELİ BİR RAKİP OLMASINI SAĞLAYACAK UNSURLAR ....................................................... 5 1.1.1. Ayrıştırmanın Kapsamı ......................................................... 5 1.1.2. Rekabet Etme Yeteneğine Sahip İşkolu (Stand-alone Business) .......................................................... 7 1.1.3. Gayri Maddi Varlıklara İlişkin Hususlar ............................ 9 1.2. UYGUN ALICI VE AYRIŞTIRMA SÜRESİ .............................. 12 1.3. ALTERNATİF AYRIŞTIRMA TAAHHÜTLERİ ....................... 12 AYRIŞTIRMA HARİCİ ÇÖZÜMLER ................................................ 13 2.1. YAPISAL BAĞLARIN KOPARILMASI .................................... 14 2.2. BİR YAPISAL ÇÖZÜME YARDIMCI OLARAK DAVRANIŞSAL ÇÖZÜM ........................................................... 15 2.3. TEK BAŞINA DAVRANIŞSAL ÇÖZÜM ................................... 15 2.3.1. Erişim Çözümleri ................................................................ 17 2.3.2. Uzun Dönemli Anlaşmaların Değiştirilmesi ....................... 19 2.3.3. Güvenlik Duvarı Şartı ......................................................... 19 2.3.4. Adil Ticaret Şartları............................................................. 20 2.3.5. Şeffaflık Şartları .................................................................. 21 2.3.6. Diğer Davranışsal Çözüm Çeşitleri ..................................... 21 BİRLEŞMELERDE ESASA İLİŞKİN ÇÖZÜMLERE DAİR SONUÇ ............................................................. 22 Bölüm 2 AB'DE BİRLEŞME ÇÖZÜMLERİ. 1.. AB’DE BİRLEŞME ÇÖZÜMLERİ ...................................................... 24 1.1. ŞART VE YÜKÜMLÜLÜK AYRIMI ......................................... 26 1.2. KABUL EDİLEBİLİR TAAHHÜTLER İÇİN TEMEL ŞARTLAR....................................................................... 26 i.

(7) 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 1.8.. 2. 3.. FARKLI TÜRDEN ÇÖZÜMLERøN UYGUNLUöU .................. 27 TAAHHÜTLERøN SUNULMASINDA ÖZEL ùARTLAR ......... 27 I. AùAMA ..................................................................................... 28 II. AùAMA .................................................................................... 30 AYRIùTIRMA TAAHHÜTLERø øÇøN MODEL METøNLER.... 31 KOMøSYON'CA KABUL EDøLEBøLECEK ÇÖZÜM TÜRLERø: AYRIùTIRMA ............................................ 31 1.8.1. Ayrıútırmanın Kapsamı ....................................................... 31 1.8.2. Rekabet Etme Yetene÷ine Sahip øúkolu .............................. 31 1.8.3. Alternatif Ayrıútırma Taahhütleri........................................ 32 1.9. UYGUN BøR ALICIYA TRANSFER .......................................... 33 1.9.1. Alıcının Uygunlu÷u ............................................................. 33 1.9.2. Uygun Alıcının Belirlenmesi .............................................. 34 1.9.2.1. Elden Çıkarılacak Varlı÷ın Karardan øtibaren Belirli Bir Sürede Satıúı .......................................... 34 1.9.2.2. Belirli Alıcı Durumu (up front buyer) .................... 35 1.9.2.3. Önce-Düzelt Çözümleri (fix-it-first) ...................... 35 1.10. DøöER ÇÖZÜMLER ................................................................. 36 1.10.1. Eriúim Çözümleri ................................................... 36 1.10.2. Uzun Dönemli Münhasır Anlaúmaların De÷iútirilmesi . 36 1.11. REVøZYON MADDESø ............................................................. 37 1.12. TAAHHÜTLERøN UYGULANMASINDA ùARTLAR ........... 38 1.12.1. Ayrıútırma øúlemi ........................................................... 38 1.12.2. Alıcının, Satıúın ve Satıú Anlaúmasının Onaylanması ... 39 1.12.3. Tarafların Ara Dönemdeki Yükümlülükleri................... 39 1.12.3.1. Ayrıútırılacak Faaliyetin Ara Dönemde Muhafazası...................................................... 40 1.12.3.2. Ayırma øçin Adımlar ...................................... 41 1.12.4. Denetleyici Uzman (Monitoring Trustee) ve Ayrıútırma Uzmanı (Divestiture Trustee) ...................... 41 1.12.4.1. Denetleyici Uzmanın Rolü ............................. 41 1.12.4.2. Ayrıútırma Uzmanının Rolü ........................... 43 1.12.4.3. Uzmanın ve Uzman Anlaúmasının Onaylanması . 43 1.12.5. Tarafların Ayrıútırmanın Gerçekleútirilmesi Ertesi Yükümlülükleri .............................................................. 44 1.12.6. Di÷er Taahhütlerin Uygulanması ................................... 44 1.13. TAAHHÜTLERE UYULMAMA DURUMU............................ 45 AB'DE BøRLEùME ÇÖZÜMLERøNøN ETKøSø ............................... 46 AB'DE BøRLEùME ÇÖZÜMLERøNE øLøùKøN BÖLÜM SONUCU ............................................................................ 55. ii.

(8) Bölüm 3 ABD’DE BøRLEùME ÇÖZÜMLERø UYGULAMASI 1.. 2. 3. 4.. ABD’DE BøRLEùME ÇÖZÜMLERø ................................................... 56 1.1. BøRLEùME ÇÖZÜMLERø øÇøN DOJ’UN YOL GÖSTERøCø øLKELERø ...................................................... 58 1.2. ÇÖZÜMÜ ùEKøLLENDøRMEK ............................................... 58 1.3. ÇÖZÜMÜN UYGULANMASINA øLøùKøN HUSUSLAR ...... 60 1.3.1. Önce-Düzelt Çözümleri .................................................... 60 1.3.2. Ayrı Tutma ùartı ............................................................... 61 1.3.3. Ayrıútırma Süresi .............................................................. 61 1.3.4. Alıcının Onaylanması ....................................................... 62 1.3.5. Varlıkların Satıú Fiyatı...................................................... 62 1.3.6. Yeniden Satıma øliúkin Kısıtlamalar ................................. 63 1.3.7. Ayrıútırmanın Satıcı Tarafından Finanse Edilmesi ........... 63 1.3.8. Kıymetli Varlık Hükümleri............................................... 64 1.3.9. Ayrıútırma Uzmanına øliúkin Hükümler ........................... 64 1.4. øZøN KARARINA UYUM VE YÜRÜTME ................................. 65 DOJ VE FTC'NøN BøRLEùME ÇÖZÜMLERø UYGULAMASININ KARùILAùTIRILMASI .................................... 66 ABD’DE BøRLEùME ÇÖZÜMLERøNøN ETKøSø .............................. 68 ABD VE AB'DE YOöUNLAùMALARDAKø ÇÖZÜM MEKANøZMASININ KIYASLANMASI............................. 71 Bölüm 4 TÜRKøYE’DE BøRLEùME ÇÖZÜMLERø. 1. 2. 3.. 4.. KURUL'UN BøRLEùME ÇÖZÜMLERøNE øLøùKøN YETKøSø ........ 74 4054 SAYILI KANUN'DA DEöøùøKLøK YAPILMASINA DAøR KANUN TASARISI ............................................................................. 78 REKABET KURULU KARARLARI .................................................. 79 3.1. SYNGENTA KARARI ................................................................. 80 3.2. KURUL'UN DøöER KARARLARI ............................................. 81 TÜRKøYE'DE BøRLEùME ÇÖZÜMLERø UYGULAMASINA øLøùKøN ÖNERøLER ............................................................................ 84. SONUÇ ........................................................................................................ 87 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. 89 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................... 90 iii.

(9) SUNUŞ Onüç yılı aşkın bir süredir bağımsız bir idari otorite olarak faaliyetlerini sürdürmekte olan Rekabet Kurumu, 4054 sayılı Rekabetin Korunması Hakkında Kanun hükümleri çerçevesinde yaptığı uygulamalar ile piyasalarda rekabetçi bir işleyiş yönünde önemli gelişmeler sağlamış, kartelleşme ve tekelleşmeyi engellemek yönünde başarılı adımlar atmıştır. Bu başarıları sayesinde de Rekabet Kurumu, yalnızca Türkiye’deki kurumlar arasında değil, dünyadaki rekabet otoriteleri arasında da hak ettiği yeri almaya başlamıştır. Nitekim Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu ilerleme raporları ile OECD gözden geçirme raporlarında bu durum ifade edilmekte ve Kurumun ulaşmış olduğu idari kapasite ve meslekî düzey takdirle karşılanmaktadır. Rekabet Kurumunun ulaşmış olduğu bu idari kapasite ve mesleki düzeyin en önemli göstergelerinden biri de uzmanlık tezleridir. Rekabet uzman yardımcıları, üç yılı aşan meslekî çalışmalarından elde ettikleri tecrübelerini, bilimsel metodoloji ve araştırma anlayışı ışığında uzmanlık tezine dönüştürmektedirler. Rekabet hukuku, politikası ve sanayi iktisadı alanlarında hazırlanan ve gerek Rekabet Kurumu mensuplarına gerekse diğer ilgililere yönelik önemli bir kaynak niteliğini haiz olan bu tezlerden bazılarında, rekabet hukuku ve politikasının temel konu başlıklarını içeren teorik hususlar analizlerle irdelenmekte, diğerlerinde ise rekabet hukuku uygulamaları bakımından önem arz eden sektörlere ilişkin çalışmalara yer verilmektedir. Bu sayede, daha önce ele alınmamış pek çok konuda değerli eserler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Doktrine katkı sağlanmasının yanı sıra toplumun rekabet konusunda bilgilendirilmesi amacıyla bu eserlerin yayımlanması, rekabet otoritelerinin en önemli görevleri arasındadır. Bu görev, rekabet savunuculuğunun önemli bir parçasını da teşkil etmektedir. Böylece, Rekabet Kurumu, toplumu bilgilendirme hedefine yönelik rekabet savunuculuğu çerçevesinde, tek başına veya birlikte yürütmekte olduğu, konferanslar, sempozyumlar, eğitim ve staj programları düzenlemek gibi faaliyetlerine ilave bir etkinlikte de bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, kaynak olarak kullanılabilecek yerli eserlerin son derece az olması nedeniyle değerleri bir kat daha artan tezlerini tamamlayan ve Rekabet Uzmanı unvanını alan bütün arkadaşlarımı gönülden kutluyor, tebrik ediyor ve başarılar diliyorum. Rekabet bilgi ve kültürünün gelişmesine, rekabetçi duyarlılığın artmasına önemli katkıları ve ayrıca bilimsel çalışmalar bakımından bir başvuru kaynağı olacağı inancıyla ilgili uzmanlık tezlerini kamuoyunun bilgisine sunuyoruz… Prof. Dr. Nurettin KALDIRIMCI Rekabet Kurumu Başkanı iv.

(10) KISALTMALAR 1997/1 Sayılı Tebli÷ 4054 Sayılı Kanun AB ABA ABD Alıcı AMCHAM EU AR-GE AAD Birleúme Birleúen Teúebbüs Bkz CCP DOJ Daire Duyuru. FTC IBA ICN øDM Komisyon LIDC Pr. : 1997/1 sayılı Rekabet Kurulu’ndan øzin Alınması Gereken Birleúme ve Devralmalar Hakkında Tebli÷ : 4054 Sayılı Rekabetin Korunması Hakkında Kanun : Avrupa Birli÷i : American Bar Association : Amerika Birleúik Devletleri : Ayrıútırılan Varlıkların Alıcısı Konumunda Bulunan Üçüncü Kiúi : American Chamber Of Commerce To The European Union : Araútırma ve Geliútirme : Avrupa Adalet Divanı (European Court of Justice) : Birleúme, Devralma ve Ortak Giriúimler : Birleúme veya devralma sonucunda ortaya çıkacak teúebbüs : Bakınız : Center For Competition Policy : Department of Justice (ABD Adalet Bakanlı÷ı) : DOJ Antiröst Dairesi : Commission Notice (2008/C 267/01) “On Remedies Acceptable Under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004” : Federal Ticaret Komisyonu (Federal Trade Commission) : IBA : International Competition Network : ølk Derece Mahkemesi (Court of First Instance, “General Court”) : Avrupa Komisyonu (European Commission) : International League of Competition Law : Paragraf. v.

(11) RGM Sf Tasarı Vd. Yo÷unlaúma Tüzü÷ü. : Avrupa Komisyonu Rekabet Genel Müdürlü÷ü (European Commission Department General of Competition) : Sayfa : 31.7.2008 tarihli 4054 sayılı Rekabetin Korunması Hakkında Kanun'da De÷iúiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun Tasarısı : Ve Di÷erleri : Teúebbüsler arası yo÷unlaúmaları düzenleyen 139/2004 sayılı Konsey Tüzü÷ü (European Community Merger Regulation). vi.

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