The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizalfFungi (AMF) and deficit Irrigation levels on yield and growth parameters of the silage maize (Zea mays L.)

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(2) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/ 2017 pages 2479-2485. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. FEB-EDITORIAL BOARD CHIEF EDITOR: Prof. Dr. Dr. H. Parlar Parlar Research & Technology-PRT Vimy Str.1e 85354 Freising, Germany CO-EDITORS: Environmental Spectroscopy Prof. Dr. A. Piccolo 8QLYHUVLWDGL1DSROL³)UHGHULFR,,´ Dipto. Di Scienze Chemica Agrarie Via Universita 100, 80055 Portici, Italy Environmental Biology Prof. Dr. G. Schuurmann UFZ-Umweltzentrum Sektion Chemische Ökotoxikologie Leipzig-Halle GmbH, Permoserstr.15, 04318 04318 Leipzig, Germany Prof. Dr. I. Holoubek Recetox-Tocoen Kamenice126/3, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic Prof. Dr. M. Hakki Alma Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Avsar Kampusu, 46100 Kahramanmaras, Turkey Environmental Analytical Chemistry Prof. Dr. M. Bahadir Lehrstuhl für Ökologische Chemie und Umweltanalytik TU Braunschweig Lehrstuhl für Ökologische Chemie Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany Dr. D. Kotzias Via Germania29 21027 Barza(Va), Italy Advisory Board K. Bester, K. Fischer, R. Kallenborn DCG. Muir, R. Niessner,W.Vetter, A. Reichlmayr-Lais, D. Steinberg, J. P. Lay, J. Burhenne, L. O. Ruzo. MANAGING EDITOR: Dr. P. Parlar Parlar Research & Technology PRT, Vimy Str.1e 85354 Freising, Germany Environmental Management Dr. K. I. Nikolaou Env.Protection of Thessaloniki OMPEPT-54636 Thessaloniki Greece Environmental Toxicology Prof. Dr. H. Greim Senatkommision ± DFG / TUM 85350 Freising, Germany Environmental Proteomic Dr. A. Fanous Halal Control GmbH Kobaltstr. 2-4 D-65428 Rüsselsheim, Germany Environmental Education Prof. Dr. C. Bayat Esenyurt Üniversitesi 34510 Esenyurt, Istanbul, Turkey. Marketing Manager Cansu Ekici, B. of B.A. PRT-Research and Technology Vimy Str 1e 85354 Freising, Germany E-Mail: parlar@wzw.tum.de parlar@prt-parlar.de Phone: +49/8161887988. 2479.

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(7) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2948-2955. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. . THE EFFECTS OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI (AMF) AND DEFICIT IRRIGATION LEVELS ON YIELD AND GROWTH PARAMETERS OF THE SILAGE MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) Oktay Erdogan*, M Cuneyt Bagdatli Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, 1HYúHKLU+DFÕ%HNWDú9HOL University, 50300, Turkey. 1. 64.000 tons. Maize was took in third after wheat and barley in terms of acreage and production in cereals in Turkey [1]. Insufficient rainfall and the irregular distribution arid and semi-arid climates in regions, constitute a great risk in maize farming and irrigation brings the most important factors of yield. The amount of water for agriculture such as industrial use, urban land use, agricultural use and pollution is steadily decreasing in the world and Turkey. We provide the desired water conservation through the use of traditional irrigation is not possible. However, by drip irrigation is applied less water, deep infiltration of fertilizer and other plant nutrients in the soil washing is minimized and accordingly, environmental pollution can be prevented [2, 3]. When applied deficit in the irrigation due to a lack of water inevitably induced a little decrease in yield [4]. Kanber et al. [5] reported that second crop corn seasonal water consumption 474.2-530.9 mm, the irrigation water needs vary between 290-427.8 mm. Shaozhong et al. [6] determined that the increase or decrease of the yield of maize plant due to variety, rainfall and the amount of evaporation, soil hydraulic conductivity, especially deficit irrigation in maize is causing a decrease in yield on limited water areas, contrary to increase water use efficiency. In hybrid corn seeds in different shapes and water stress conditions in the size of grain yield and some yield components in order to determine the effects on the work carried out grain yield, thousand kernel weight, kernel weight on ear and hectoliter weight on the water stres topic were found statistically significant in 2011-2012 years [7]. According to genotypes, significant differences in quality properties were found and Inqilab-91, Cham-6, Adana-99 and Meta-2002 were better than most traitments under different conditions [8]. Symbiosis between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi are available, the most important AMF, which Glomeromycota phylum in terms of agricultural production [9]. Mycorrhizal fungi play a key role in terrestrial ecosystem functioning along with environmental factors such as climate, disturbances, food web interactions, mutualism and ecological history [10]. When the mycorrhizal infected roots of the plant from the soil minerals and water more efficiently is to use only [11].. ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) biofertilizer on yield of growth of the silage maize plants in deficit irrigation levels. The experiment was carried out using three replications in a split plot design with three different irrigation types as main plots and AMF biofertilizer (ERS), photosynthesis activator (Multigreen-Mg), Traditional Fertilization (TFControl), ERS + Mg, ERS + TF and TF + Mg applied as subplots. Plant height, leaf number, first ear height, ear weight, stem thickness, fresh root weight, green herbage yield, crude protein rate and cellulose rate were evaluated as a yield and growth criteria in the study. In the experiment, as well as the treatment x irrigation interaction leaf number, crude protein rate, cellulose rate properties, the other studied properties were found to be significant. As the irrigation water amount increased, plant height, ear weight and the first ear height values were increased. Stem thickness and green herbage yield stood out in I100. Fresh root weight, on the other hand, was higher in I 30. In I30, ERS and ERS + Mg treatments were among the top for stem thickness, fresh root weight, green herbage yield and first ear height properties.. KEYWORDS: Zea mays L., deficit morphological properties. irrigation,. AMF,. yield,. INTRODUCTION Maize is one of the most important plants worldwide, because of its high grain and forage yield. According to 2014 year, silage maize is planted on 401.591 hectares acreage in Turkey and 18.6 million tons of yield are derived from this area. While 24.567 hectares of silage maize cultivation, 1.3 million tons of yield is obtained in the Central Anatolia Region. 6 % of the Central $QDWROLD 5HJLRQ RI 1HYúHKLU SURYLQFH ZLWK .346 hectares planting area, responsible for 5 % to 2948. .

(8) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2948-2955. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 30 % of irrigation water applied is about I100 irrigation water application; I50: In about 50 % of irrigation water applied as irrigation water application (I100), I100: the field capacity enough to lift irrigation water applications when the 50 % of the available water holding capacity consumed) and AMF applications (10 spores g-1) were applied to maize seed coating (5 g kg-1 seed). Mg twice the dosage of 2 g L-1 was applied to the leaves, when fifteen cm-tall plants and including two weeks after the first application. Fertilizer as 200 kg ha-1 N, 100 kg ha-1 P and 100 kg ha-1 K were applied to the rows in the form of ammonium nitrate, triple super phosphate and potassium chloride, respectively with drip irrigation. Drip irrigation method was used to irrigate maize during the study. Drip irrigation system, each plant rows facing a lateral plan, with 25 cm intervals on the inline-type emitter 16 mm diameter lateral PE plastic flat pipes are used. Dripper flow rate at 1 atmosphere pressure is 2 L h-1. Following the germination and postemergence period of the plant, drip irrigation system was laterally applied to the parcels, in accordance with the principles set forth by Güngör DQG <ÕOGÕUÕP [13]. Principles set forth by Doorenbos and Kassam [14] and Güngör and <ÕOGÕUÕP [13] were used when determining irrigation time, and water was applied by the help of equation 1.. Olive-mill wastewater (OMW) contains a variety of short and longer chained carboxylic acids reported that the levels of the different acids must be taken into account when evaluating the toxicity of OMW [12]. In recent years, drought and water shortages have already been observed many regions in Turkey. In this context, the total annual rainfall in the Central Anatolia Region Nevúehir province is located in low-arid climates. This is limiting the amount of water used in agricultural irrigation. To achieve high efficiency and high quality products is necessary to know very well the water-production function. The aim of study, to determinated the effect of AMF biofertilizer on yield of growth of the silage maize under deficient irrigation regimes.. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials. The silage maize cultivar µAda9516¶ (Maize Research Institute, Sakarya, Turkey) was used as crop material in the study area. It matures at 130 days after planting (FAO maturity group 650). The average harvest moisture is % 1823. Also AMF fungi (Glomus intraradices, G. mosseae, G. aggregatum, G. clarum, G. monosporum, G. deserticola, G. brasilianum, G. etunicatum and Gigaspora margarita) containing Endo Roots Soluble® and Multigreen (Photosynthesis activator) biofertilizer are used. Endo Roots Soluble® (Novozymes) and Multigreen were obtained from the Bioglobal company.. (1) dn: Net irrigation water amount to be applied in every irrigation(mm); TK: Field capacity (%); 01([LVWLQJPRLVWXUH

(9) Ȗt: Soil bulk density (g cm-3); D: Effective root depth (mm); P: Percentage of wetted area (%). In the study, the irrigation water amount to be applied was calculated for a 90 cm effective root depth, but in order to be able to monitor any possible deep seepages, water consumption values were calculated, by considering water budget for 120 cm soil depth and using equation 2 [15].. Methods. The study was conducted at a site in 1HYúHKLU province, in the Central Part of Turkey, and geographic coordinates of 38°44'17.52"N 34°46'20.00"E and 1045 m above sea level. The soil type in the study area is clay loam and loam, the soils of study area contain organic material 0.57 % according to soil depth (90 cm). Physical properties of soil are soil bulk density 1.51 g cm-3 and field capacity 21.76 %, wilting point 9.25 % as average in all depts (0-30; 30-60 and 60-90 cm). pH level of the soils is 7.58. There is a semi-arid climate at the study area and throughout the maize cultivation period average temperature values were 17.1°C in May, and 26.7°C in August, while from May to September, the total rainfall has been recorded as 104.5 mm. Seeds were sown at 5-6 cm depths using a dibbler in 70 x 15 cm row space on 1th May in 2015 year. Each plot area was 14 m2 and consisted of 4 rows. Intervals between plots and blocks were two meters and three meters, respectively. The experiment was carried out using three replications in a split plot design with different irrigation levels as main plots and ERS biofertilizer (AMF), Mg, TF-Control, ERS + Mg, ERS + TF and Mg + TF applied as subplots. The main plots had deficit irrigation levels (I30: In about. ET = I + P + Cp ± Dp rRf r'S. ET: Plant water consumption (mm); I: Amount of irrigation water applied throughout the period (mm); P: Precipitation throughout the period (mm); Cp: Amount of water entering the root area by capillary elevation (mm); Dp: Deep seepage losses (mm); Rf: Amountof runoff entering and exiting trial parcels (mm); 'S: Changes in soil moisture in the root area (mm). Based on the irrigation water applied to the trial subjects, measured plant water consumption and acquired harvest yields, irrigation water usage efficieny (IWUE) and water usage performance (WUE) values were calculated by the use of below equations 3 [16]. 2949. . (2).

(10) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2948-2955. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. TABLE 1 Mean squares from the analysis of variance for some morphological and quality parameters of silage maize. FEH EW ST Source of d.f. PH LN (cm plant-1) (g plant-1) (cm plant-1) variation (cm) (number plant-1) Replication 2 211.58 11 112.85 191.25 193.96 Treatments (T) 4 204.3* 10.2ns 105.3* 184.30* 194.46* Irrigation (I) 2 206.7* 10.8ns 111.9* 189.6* 189.5* TxI 8 * ns * * * Error 15 6,976 1.140 3.794 10.368 4.279 Total 31 GHY AMF CPR CR Source of d.f. FRW (kg ha-1) (%) (%) (%) variation (g plant-1) Replication 2 118.65 4850.51 18.2 8.59 23.83 Treatments (T) 4 115.6* 4790.1* 15.16* 7.89ns 20.12ns Irrigation (I) 2 110.8* 4830.3* 14.6* 8.01ns 22.06ns TxI 8 * * * ns ns Error 15 0.673 24.897 4.083 3.460 0.930 Total 31 * Significant at the 0.05 probability level; ns: not significant; PH: plant height; LN: leaf number; FEH: first ear height; EW: ear weight; ST: stem thickness; FRW: fresh root weight; GHY: gren herbage yield; AMF: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; CPR: crude protein rate; CR: cellulose rate. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IWUE= Y / ETa WUE= Y / I. (3). The mean squares values acquired through the variance analysis made on some morphological and quality parameters of the study were given in Table 1. As well as the leaf number, crude protein rate and cellulose rate parameters, subjecting to the treatment and irrigation, other parameters were found significant to the level of 95 %. Treatment x irrigation interaction was determined to be significant to the level of 95 % in the plant height, first ear height, ear weight, stem thickness, fresh root weight, green herbage yield and AMF colonization parameters (Table 1). The findings of the study were in same to those of Celebi et al. [25] and Karasu et al. [26, 27]. Average values of the effects of some morphologic parameters of different irrigation and treatments were summarized in Table 2. In I100, the highest PH was in ERS + TF (233.6 cm), the lowest PH was in ERS (206.4 cm); In I50, the highest PH was in ERS + TF (223.9 cm), TF + Mg (219.7 cm), TF-control (216.5 cm) treatments, the lowest PH was in ERS (199.9 cm); and in I30, the highest PH was in TF (224.3 cm), and the lowest PH was again in ERS (76.5 cm). FEH was highest in highest I100 irrigation subject in ERS + TF (134.5 cm), TF + Mg (130.5 cm) and TF-control (129.7 cm) treatments and statistically placed in the same group, while in I50, ERS + TF (124.7 cm) and in I30, treatments other than ERS + TF were statistically placed in the same group. In terms of EW, in I100 and I50 irrigation topics ERS+TF (233.5 g, 209.3 g) were placed among the top, while in I30, TF (227.4 g) was ranked first. In I100 lowest value was in ERS + Mg (197.5 g), while in I50. IWUE: Irrigation water usage efficiency (kg m-3); WUE: Water usage efficiency (kg m-3); Y: Harvest yield measured from the trial subjects where irrigation water has been applied (kg ha-1); I: Amount of irrigation water applied (mm); ET a: Evapotranspiration (mm). The harvest was carried out during milk production period on the 3st of September in 2015 year. The edge of a row of each plot, one meter by removing the head and the end of the parcel, a total of ten plants two rows in the middle of plot were cut five cm above the soil level. In this study, such as plant height (cm), leaf number (number plant-1), first ear height (cm plant-1), ear weight (g plant-1), stem thickness (cm plant-1), fresh root weight (g plant-1), green herbage yield (kg ha-1), crude protein rate (%), cellulose rate were examined [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Random ten plants in the AMF inoculated plots were removed and dried after harvesting, then roots were dyed to detect AMF presence, and the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization was estimated applying the Grid Line Intersect Method [23]. Data collected on different parameters were analysed statistically by using JMP statistical software program (5.0.1, SAS Institute, Cary, NC) for analysis of variance and means were compared using )LVKHU¶V SURWHFWHG least significance difference (LSD) test at 5 % probability level [24].. 2950. .

(11) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2948-2955. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. TABLE 2 Average values of the effects of different irrigation and treatments on some morphological parameters of silage maize.. Treatments / Irrigation ERS ERS+Mg ERS+TF TF+Mg TF-control Mean. I100. PH (cm) I50. I30. 206.4c 199.9c 176.5b 211.6bc 208.5b 182.0b 233.6a 223.9a 211.2ab 230.9a 219.7a 202.9ab 225.9ab 216.5a 224.3a 221.7 213.7 199.4 FRW (g plant-1) I100 I50 I30. I100. EW (g plant-1) I50 I30. 215.3ab 156.9c 107.1d 197.5b 192.4b 124.4cd 233.5a 209.3a 161.9bc 232.6a 203.9ab 188.0ab 213.6ab 205.0ab 227.4a 218.5 193.5 161.8 GHY (kg ha-1) I100 I50 I30. I100. ST (cm plant-1) I50 I30. 159.4c 174.5c 202.1a 177.1b 191.4b 201.1a 208.6a 201.1a 177.5b 207.7a 204.9a 188.1ab 210.6a 207.3a 198.1a 192.7 195.8 193.4 FEH (cm plant-1) I100 I50 I30. Treatments / Irrigation ERS 124.2b 154.9a 220.3a 3120.1b 3830.4b 4760.5a 85.7b 101.9c 108.5a ERS+Mg 130.9a 151.1b 198.6b 3150.3b 4970.2a 5340.0a 94.6b 106.8c 109.9a ERS+TF 93.0c 112.1c 171.6c 6060.5a 5160.9a 4100.4b 134.5a 124.7a 107.5b TF+Mg 92.2c 81.9d 61.0ld 5920.6a 5190.3a 4750.9a 130.5a 122.9ab 108.7a TF-control 83.0d 63.6e 41.6e 5880.5a 5430.7a 5100.4a 129.7a 116.3b 110.6a Mean 104.7 112.7 138.6 4826.4 4916.5 4810.4 115.0 114.5 109.0 Means within column for each experiment by the same latter (s) are not significantly different according to Duncan Multiple Tests (P < 0.05); PH: plant height; EW: ear weight; ST: stem thickness; FRW: fresh root weight; GHY: gren herbage yield; FEH: first ear height. treatments, and researchers who were conducted similar studies were reported that in maize plant, in direct proportion to the amount of water applied, there is a change in ST, and in limited irrigation topics, ST was lower when compared to full irrigation topic [27, 30, 31]. In I30, the highest ST was observed in ERS (202.1 cm), and the results displayed similarities with those of Çetinkaya and Dura [32]. FRW values varied depending on the irrigation topics, the highest FRW was observed in I30 in ERS (220.3 g), while the lowest FRW value was found in TF-control (41.6 g). GHY and FEH values varied depending on the irrigation topics, and the highest GHY was observed in I100 in ERS + TF (6060.5 kg ha-1), while the lowest GHY was observed in I100 in ERS (3120.1 kg ha-1). Similarly, the highest FEH was observed in ERS + TF (134.5 cm), while the lowest FEH value was observed in ERS (85.7 cm). In the study, GHY and FEH values in limited irrigation topics were defined to be lower than full irrigation topic. Authors were reported that in maize plant the highest GHY has been acquired in full irrigation topic, while the lowest GHY has been observed in limited irrigation topic [7, 27, 29, 33, 34]. In I30, ERS, other than PH and EW characteristics, ST, FRW, GHY and FEH values were observed to be high. Similarly, silage yield, stem ratio and leaf ratio in maize plants with mycorrhiza application were increased when compared to those plants without mycorrhiza application in all irrigation topics [25]. Çetinkaya and Dura [32] reported that grain yield and stem yield of maize were positively affected by. and I30 irrigation topics, it was observed in ERS (156.9 g, 107.1 g). The thickest ST in all irrigation topics was observed in TF control (210.6 cm, 207.3 cm, 198.1 cm), while the thinnest ST in I100 and I50 irrigation topics was in ERS (159.4 cm, 174.5 cm), and in I30, it was in ERS + TF (177.5 cm). The highest FRW in I100 was observed in ERS + Mg (130.9 g), and in I50 and I30 topics, it was observed in ERS (154.9 g, 220.3 g), while the lowest FRW in all irrigation topics has been observed in TF (83.0 g, 63.6 g, 41.6 g). In I100, ERS + TF (6060.5 kg ha-1), TF + Mg (5920.6 kg ha1 ) and TF-control (5880.5 kg ha-1) provided the highest GHY, and these treatments were placed statistically in the same group. In I50, the highest GHY was observed in TF (5430.7 kg ha-1), TF + Mg (5190.3 kg ha-1), ERS + TF(5160.9 kg ha-1) and ERS + Mg (4970.2 kg ha-1) and these treatments were placed statistically in the same group. In I30, ERS + Mg (5340.0 kg ha-1), TF-control (5100.0 kg ha-1), ERS (4760.5 kg ha-1) and TF + Mg (475.9 kg ha-1) treatments were placed in first place in terms of GHY and statistically in the same group. In this study, the highest PH was observed in I100 irrigation topic, while the lowest PH was observed in I30 irrigation topic and ERS, and in other similar studies, the highest PH was observed in full irrigation topic, while the the the the lowest PH was found in limited irrigation topic [25, 26, 28, 29]. The EW and ST values acquired in the study were in direct proportion to the different irrigation water amounts applied and the highest were observed in I100 ERS + TF (233.5 g/208.6 cm) and TF-control (232.6 g/207.7 cm) 2951. .

(12) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2948-2955. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. TABLE 3 Rates of AMF colonization (%) in the silage maize roots at experiment topics. AMF colonization (%) I100 I50 ERS 26.4a 34.3a ERS+Mg 24.8b 31.6b ERS+TF 20.5c 27.8c TF+Mg 0.27d 0.17d TF-control 0.23d 0.27d Mean 14.44 18.83 Means within column for each experiment by the same latter (s) are not significantly different Duncan Multiple Tests (P < 0.05); AMF: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Treatments/ Irrigation. I30 39.7a 35.8b 30.4d 0.23d 0.30c 19.29 according to. TABLE 4 Green herbage yield, total irrigation water applied, irrigation water use efficiency, water use efficiency, Evapotranspiration for maize under different irrigation treatments. Total Irrigation Water applied ETa Green herbage yield WUE (mm) (kg ha-1) (mm) (kg m-3) I100 4820.64 408 464 1.18 I50 4910.65 279 335 1.76 I30 4810.04 156 212 3.08 ETa: evapotranspiration; IWUE: irrigation water usage efficiency, WUE: water usage performance. Irrigation. decreasing order nickel>zinc>manganese> copper>lead>chromium, respectively [38]. Irrigation topic based total water amount, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency and green herbage yield values were given in Table 4. The highest WUE was observed in I30 (3.08 kg m-3), and the lowest WUE was observed in I100 (1.18 kg m-3). While the highest IWUE was acquired in I30 (2.27 kg m-3), the lowest IWUE was acquired in I100 (1.04 kg m-3). The IWUE ranged between 1.04-2.27 kg m-3, and similarly, Howell et al. [39] reported that the IWUE value as 1.51-2.48 kg m-3 .XúFX DQG Demir [40] reported that the IWUE value as higher than 1.62 kg m-3 and Karasu et al. [25] reported that the IWUE value as 1.11-1.72 kg m-3. At the end of the study, results related to water use efficiency displayed similarities to findings from other studies, however it should not be ignored that water usage efficiency may be affected by soil, climate and the employed irrigation method.. mycorrhiza application; and Zhang et al. [35], reported applying mycorrhiza to maize plant increased the PH and dry matter amount. In contrast to the findings acquired in relation to mycorrhiza, Sylvia et al. [36] were reported that irrigation was positive effects on GHY and total weight in maize plants with mycorrhiza and without mycorrhiza. Barutçular et al. [37] reported that the SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) values of the 16 genotypes showed different responses to drought and heat stresses. The SPAD values generally decreased under environment stresses. Temperature was the strongest effect on SPAD values. The relationship between SPAD values and grain yield was stronger in the cool environments. The average values of irrigation and treatment WRSLFV LQ PDL]H URRWV WR $0)¶V FRORQL]DWLRQ UDWLRV were given in Table 3. In terms of mycorrhiza colonization ratio, ERS was ranked first in all irrigation subjects, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization was observed in I30 irrigation topic (39.7 %). ERS was followed by ERS + Mg (35.8 %). As expected, the lowest mycorrhiza colonization ratio in all irrigation topics was observed in TF-control treatment, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization ratio were respectively observed in I30 and I50 irrigation topics. In similar studies, it was reported that mycorrhiza colonization ratio varied in irrigation subjects, it was higher in limited irrigation conditions and under arid conditions, it was associated with shortening of plant height in maize plants with AMF [24, 31, 34]. The average accumulation of trace elements in maize grown in nickel contaminated soil were determined to follow the. CONCLUSION In addition to LN, CPR, CR characteristics, treatment x irrigation interaction was found to be significant to the level of 95 % in PH, FEH, EW, ST, FRW, GHY and AMF colonization characteristics. As the amount of applied irrigation water increased, it was observed that PH, EW and FEH average values were also increased. By the way, it should not be forgotten that for maize, PH is a hereditary characteristic that is affected by the environment and breeding method. Despite the fact that in all irrigation topics ST and GHY average values were 2952. . IWUE (kg m-3) 1.04 1.46 2.27.

(13) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2948-2955. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. [4] Biber, Ç. and Kara, T. (2006). Evaporatranspiration and restricted irrigation applications of corn. J Agri. Fac. OnGRNX] 0D\ÕV Univ., 21(1), 140-146. [5] Kanber, R., Yazar, A. and Eylen, M. (1990). Water-yield relationship of second crop maize growing after wheat under Cukurova conditions. Tarsus District Soil Res. Institute Edition Number: 173/108, Tarsus, pp. 93. (in Turkish) [6] Shaozhong, K., Wenjuan, S. and Jianhua, Z. (2000). An improved water-use efficiency for maize grown under regulated deficit irrigation. Field Crops Res., 67(3), 207-214. [7] Gönülal, E., Güngör, H. and Soylu, S. (2015). Effect of seed sizes and shapes with restricted Irrigation on grain yield and some parameters of maize (Zea mays L.). J Agri. Fac. Gaziosmanpasa Univ., 32(2), 24-31. [8] Barutçular, & <ÕOGÕUÕP 0 .Ro 0 'L]OHN H., Akinci, C., El Sabagh, Saneoka, H., Ueda, A., Islam, M.S., 7RSWDú , $OED\UDN 2 and 7DQUÕNXOX A. (2016). Quality traits performance of bread wheat genotypes under drought and heat stress conditions. Fresen. Environ. Bull., 25(12a), 6159-6165. [9] Schussler, A., Schwarzott, D. and Walker, C. (2001). A new fungal phylum, The glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycology Res., 105, 1413-1421. [10] Wardle, D.A., Van der Putten, W.H. (2002). Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and above-ground- below-ground linkages. In: M. Loreau, S. Naeem and P. Inchausti (eds.), biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives. Academic Press, New York, pp. 155-168. [11] Entry, J.A., Rygiewicz, P.T., Watrud, L.S. and Donelly, P.K. (2002). Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of arbuscular mycorrhizas. Adv. Environ. Res., 7, 123-138. [12] Kistner, T., Nitz, G. and Schnitzler, W.H. (2004). Phytotoxic effects of some compounds of olive mill wastewater (OMW). Fresen. Environ. Bull., 13(11b), 1371-1372. [13] Güngör, Y. and <ÕOGÕUÕP 2

(14) )LHOG irrigation systems. Ankara Univ., Fac. of Agri. Press, 1155, Ankara, pp. 371. (in Turkish) [14] Doorenbos, J. and Kassam, A.H. (1979). Yield response to water. Rome: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Publication No. 33, pp. 193. [15] Walker, W.R. and Skogerboe, G.V. (1987). Surface irrigation. teory and practice. PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, pp. 375. [16] Zhang, H., Wang, X., You, M. and Liu, C. (1999). Water̽yield relations and water use efficiency winter wheat in the North China Plain. Irrigation Sci., 19(1), 37-45.. close to each other, full irrigation topic (I100) was prominent. Among the studied characteristics, FRW average values were found to be higher in I30 irrigation topic when compared to other irrigation topics. When we consider the fact that the total annual rainfall in the study area of 1HYúHKLUSURYLQFH is low (423 mm), limited irrigation topics applied at lower levels than the field capacity may not be able to ensure the washing required for salt balance. In this sense, limited irrigation applications should also consider the washing water requirement. The highest WUE and IWUE values were determined observed in I30 irrigation topic, while the IWUE values may differ depending on the soil, climate and irrigation methods. ERS treatment ranked last in all characteristics examined under full irrigation topic, while in I30 irrigation topic, ST, FRW, GHY and FEH characteristics, ERS and ERS + Mg treatments were statistically placed in the same group with other treatments. As expected, under limited irrigation (I30) condition where the plant is under stress, ERS was followed by mycorrhizal colonization in the roots of the maize plant and with the photosynthesis DFWLYDWRU¶V (56 + Mg) effect, applied from the leaves of the plants with AMF, ST and GHY parameters provided better results than the other treatments, and these parameters are important in silage maize. In conclusion; it was determined that as long as the water resources are sufficient in maize cultivation, limited irrigation applications must be avoided, but in case of possible drought and insufficient water resource conditions in the world and in Turkey, limited irrigation and ERS and ERS + Mg applications may provide successful results. In addition, the acquired findings will shed light to plant breeders and agronomists in their studies.. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank to The Governor of Avanos 'LVWULFW LQ 1HYúHKLU 3URYLQFH, The Institute of Sakarya Maize Research and Bioglobal Company.. REFERENCES [1] TSI (Turkish Statistical Institute) (2015). Agricultural structure and production. Government Statistic Institute of Prime Minister Publ.Online located at: http://www.tuik.gov.tr (in Turkish) [2] <ÕOGÕUÕP, Y.E. and Kodal, S. (1998). Effect of irrigation to maize yield in Ankara conditions. Turk. J Agric. and Forestry, 22, 65-70. [3] Ertek, A. and Kanber, R. (2000). Determination of the amount of irrigation water and interval for cotton with the pan-evaporation method. Turkish J Agri. and Forestry, 24, 293300. 2953. .

(15) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2948-2955. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. [17] Gökçora, H. (1959). Researh on exlposion properties the most important of popcorn and agricultural skills of popcorn varieties growing in Turkey. Ankara Univ. Press., Ankara. [18] Bremner, J.M. (1965). Methods of soil analysis. Part II. chemical and microbiological properties. Ed. A.C.A. Black, Amer. Soc. Of Argon. Inc. Pub. Argon Series No: 9 Madison, USA. [19] Tosun, F. (1967). A field research on hybrid corn breeding facilities as sour silo and grain feed in Erzurum plain. Agri. Res. Institute Bulletin, 21. [20] Emeklier, H.Y. (1997). Research on yield and phenotypic characteristics of early hybrid maize varieties. Fac. Agri. Ankara Univ. Press:1493, pp. 817. [21] %DúHU ø DQG *HQoWDQ 7

(16) +HULWDELOLW\ and effects of some chracters on silage yields in dent corn varieties (Zea mays indentata sturt.) grown under drought conditions. Korean Grassias Sci., 19(2), 177-182. [22] Karabulut, A. and Canbolat, Ö. (2005). Feed evaluation and analysis methods. J Agri. Fac. 8OXGD÷8QLYSS [23] Giovannetti, M. and Mosse, B. (1980). An evaIuation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol., 84, 489-500. [24] Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H. and Dickey, D.A. (1997). Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach. 3rd edition, McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York, pp. 400-428. [25] Celebi, S.Z., Demir, S., Celebi, R., Durak, E.D. and Yilmaz I.H. (2010). The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) applications on the silage maize (Zea mays L.) yield in different irrigation regimes. E. J Soil Biol., 46, 302-305. [26] Karasu, A., KXúFX+g]0DQG%D\UDP* (2015a). The Effect of different irrigation water levels on grain yield, yield components and some quality parameters of silage maize (Zea mays indentata Sturt.) in Marmara Region of Turkey. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobota. Cluj, 43(1), 138-145. [27] .DUDVX $ .XúFX + DQG g] 0 E

(17) Yield and economic return response of silage maize to different levels of irrigation water in a sub-humid zone. Zemdirbyste-Agri., 102(3), 313-318. [28] Çakir, R. (2004). Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Res., 89(1), 1-16. Bozkurt, Y., Yazar, A., Gençel, B. and Sezen M.S. (2006). Optimum lateral spacing for dripirrigated corn in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Agri. Water Manag., 85(1-2), 113-120. . [30] Kang, S., Liang, Z., Pan, Y., Shi, P. and Zhang, J. (2000). Soil water distribution, uniformity and water-use efficiency under alternate furrow irrigation in arid areas. Irrigation Science, 19, 181-190. [31] .ÕUQDN+*HQoR÷ODQ&DQG'H÷LUPHQFL9 (2003). Effect of deficit irrigation on yield and growth of second crop corn in Harran Plain Conditions. J Agri. Fac. Atatürk Univ. 34(2), 117-123. [32] Çetinkaya, N. and Dura, S. (2010). The effects of a endomycorrhizal preparate on yield and vegetative development of corn. J Agri. Fac. Ege Univ., 47(1), 53-59. (in Turkish) [33] *HQoR÷ODQ &

(18) :DWHU-yield relationships of maize, determining between the root distribution and plant water stress index and investigation of CEREZ-Maize the plant growth model of local compliance. Thesis (Unpublished), Cukurova Univ., Adana. (in Turkish) [34] KÕzÕlo÷lu, F.M., ùahin, U., Kuúlu, Y. and Tunç T. (2009). Determining water±yield relationship, water use efficiency, crop and pan coefficients for silage maize in a semiarid region. Irrigation Sci., 27(2), 129-137. [35] Zhang, G.Y., Zhang, L.P., Wei. M.F., Liu, Z., Fan, Q.L., Shen, Q.R. and Xu, G.H. (2011). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, organic fertilizer and soil sterilization on maize growth. Acta Ecol. Sin., 31, 192-196. [36] Sylvia, D.M., Hammond, L.C., Bennet, J.M., Hass, J.H. and Linda, S.B. (1993). Field response of maize to a VAM fungus and water management. Agronomy J, 85, 193-198. [37] Barutçular, C., <ÕOGÕUÕP0 .Ro0$NÕQFÕ &7RSWDú,$OED\UDN27DQUÕNXOX$DQG El Sabagh, A. (2016). Evaluation of spad chlorophyll in spring wheat genotypes under different environments. Fresen. Environ. Bull., 25(4), 1258-1266. [38] Radziemska, M., Mazur, Z., Fronczyk, J. and Jeznach, J. (2014). Effect of zeolite and halloysite on accumulation of trace elements in Maize (Zea mays L.) in nickel contaminated soil. Fresen. Environ. Bull., 23(12a), 31403146. [39] Howell, T.A., Yazar, A., Schneider, A.D., Dusek, D.A. and Copeland, K.S. (1995). Yield and water use efficiency of corn in response to lepa irrigation. Transactions of the ASAE, 38(6),1737-1747. [40] Kuscu, H. and Demir, A.O. (2013). Yield and water use efficiency of maize under deficit irrigation regimes in a sub-humid climate. Philippine Agri. Sci., 96(1), 32-41.. 2954. .

(19) © by PSP. Volume 26 ± No. 4/2017 pages 2948-2955. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. . Received: Accepted:. 23.05.2016 20.03.2017. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Oktay Erdogan 1HYúHKLU+DFÕ%HNWDú9HOL University Biosystem Engineering Department 1HYúHKLUTURKEY E-mail: oktaye@gmail.com. 2955. .

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