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CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDY

3.5. ANALYSIS OF AVARE YILLAR

3.5.1. Conservation

3.5.1.1. Repetition

the suburban in big industrial towns such as Istanbul and Adana (Çavdar, 2007, p. 183).

As the characters in the novel are in a despair and thus apathy, the dialogoues and expressions sound like they are written in a superficial manner. However, it is the result of a meticulous work done to give the impression of people who give up fighting for the better and accept the life in the way it is (Bezirci, 1984, p. 132).

The language and expression of the novel are not different from his prior works. He adopts an unsophisticated language which does not include foreign expressions. He does not use descriptions and adjectives frequently. Instead, the characters describe themselves with the language, dialects and expressions they utter. For instance, the broken Turkish spoken by the Bosnian migrants in a Bosnian accent demonstrates their background. On the other hand, slang expressions used by his friends are also indicators of their education.

Moreover, cultural elements of the community narrated in the novel are reflected commonly. For example, wedding traditions such as dowery, religious expressions, historical characters, propers names of football teams and toponyms are all culture related items particular to the community of those times.

In addition to the abstract concepts of culture, material elements such as clothing, food, means of transportation and accommodation are utilized to provide a clear image of the time and society that Orhan Kemal witnessed. Therefore, it can be suggested that cultural elements are an inevitable component of the author’s novel Avare Yıllar like the other works written by him.

3.5. ANALYSIS OF AVARE YILLAR

vardı. Sinoplu. İlk zamanlar sizin kadar bile futbol oynayamazdı. Şimdi herifçioğlu Fenerbahçe 'de soliç! "

(p.104)

come over to Istanbul and see what a real city is like! There was this guy Ali working at the tobacconist’s. When he first started playing football he wasn’t even as good as you guys. From Sinop he was. Now he plays inside-left for Fenerbahçe! (p.112)

In the example the protagonist remembers an old friend and his utterances about Istanbul as the city of one kind. His friend mentions a guy, Ali, who is a footballer and the team he is playing for now. Name of the team Fenerbahçe is a CSI here as it refers to one of the oldest and most prestigious sports clubs of Turkey. Moreover, it is an unfamiliar term for the TT readers if they are not acquainted with the football and football culture in Turkey. The club started with the name of “Black Stockings FC” in 1899 and then was changed into “Kadıköy Football Club” in 1902, and eventually its name became

“Fenerbahçe Football Club”. With the addition of other branches such as basketball, volleyball and etc., today it is known as “Fenerbahçe Football Club”(Fenerbahce, n.d.).

Therefore, playing for it may be deemed as the highest career goal of a footballer in Turkey in those years. For the TT readers, it may be difficult to interpret the meaning of the club and playing for it. Besides being an utterance loaded with historical references, as a word “Fenerbahçe” includes the letter ‘ç’ which is a non-existing letter within the TL alphabet and difficult to read for the TT readers. While translator could have defined the team with an intra or-extratextual gloss or transferred it through orthographic adaptation, i.e. changing “ç” as “ch”, he opts for the strategy of repetition. In this way, the CSI is presented to the TT readers as it is in the ST, and thus the unfamiliar and foreign influence of the ST is conserved. In other words, translator decides to use foreignization strategy at the macro-level.

Example 2

Source Text Target Text

“Halandan şu para gelsin de Necip’i davet edelim…”

“Yaa… Çok iyi olur… Bir lokantaya davet ederiz.”

"İyi bir lokantaya. Şöyle rakısıyla, mezesiyle ... "

“Nevzat’a olan borcumuzu da öderiz”(p.138)

‘Once the money from your aunt comes through,’ said Gazi the next day ‘’we can invite Nejip out.’

‘Yes, that’ll be good. We can take him out for a meal.’

‘To a decent place. With raki and proper meze.’

‘We’ll pay back Nevzat, too.’ (p.152)

In the example above “rakı” and “meze” are the CSIs belonging to the Turkish cuisine.

“Rakı” is a traditional alcoholic beverage made of fermented and distilled fruits, such as grapes, figs, plums, and etc. (Türk Dil Kurumu Online, n.d.). “Rakı” occupies such an important position within the ST culture that from the time to drink it to the music to be listened the ceremony of drinking “rakı” has a unique place within the ST readers’

context. Translator applies orthographic adaptation for the translation of this CSI and changes it as “raki” as the sound “ı” does not exist in the TL alphabet. On the other hand,

“meze” as a CSI refers to the appetizers and side-dishes eaten with “rakı”. The types of

“meze” may vary from region to region in Turkey, and there is a wide range of “meze”

within the Turkish cuisine. While the translator could have translated it as ‘appetizer’ or

‘side-dish’ through absolute universalization which can be more comprehensible for the TT readers, the CSI is transferred through the strategy of repetition and repeated as

“meze” in the TT. Although the translator adds the word “proper” before the CSI, it does not give any clues about connotation of the utterance within the ST readers’ context.

Therefore, the unfamiliarity of the CSI is kept and transferred to the TT readers as a result of the foreignization strategy at the macro-level.

Example 3

Source Text Target Text

Güllü’nün kocası, “Sen,” dedi, “gördün mü hiç kesilmiş kol? Oynar büle büle,

‘Have you ever seen a cut-off arm?’

asked Güllü’s husband. ‘It wiggles and

Açılır kapanır parmaklar, olur mosmor.”

Güllü:

“Ben gördüm, vardı bir Süleyman, hallaçta çalışırdı, kabarık saçlı.

Arapuşağı. Karısı onun…Kolu koptu yanımda. Şaşırmışım, aldım yerden kolu, oynar avucumda, hem de sıcak sıcak, akan kanlar…(p.206)

wiggles like this. And the fingers open and close, and it turns purple…’

‘I have’ said Güllü. There was this man Süleyman; he used to fluff up wool.

An Arab, he was, with dark bushy hair.

It was his wife… Her arm got ripped off right next to me. I was shocked! I picked up her arm and held it. It was all warm and dripping blood.’(p.229)

In the example above, the CSI “Süleyman” which is a proper noun deriving from Hebrew is used as a male name in the ST culture. Translator decides to implement the strategy of repetition and repeats the CSI in the TT. The name “Süleyman” is originated from Hebrew and has an equivalent reference in the TL which is “Solomon”. Translator could have made the CSI familiar for the TT readers and domesticated the CSI by transferring it as “Solomon”, in other words employing the strategy of naturalization. On the contrary, he decides to keep the CSI by the strategy of repetition at the micro-level and conserves the foreign effect of it which indicates the foreignization strategy at the macro-level.