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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.3. DATA ANALYSIS

3.3.3. Procedure

In order to conduct the cognitive analysis of the idioms, a table including four columns was designed for Turkish and English separately and for each basic colour term. As illustrated in Table 1, the final list of idioms selected from the

 

dictionaries was included in the first column of the table. In the second column, the metaphorical meaning (MM), the literal meaning (LM) for the Turkish idioms (translation of the meaning), the naturally occurring example and the web source it was taken from was demonstrated. In the following column, both meta- and sub-domains were determined by using the categorization of Lakoff and Johnson for the meta-domains presented in Philosophy in the Flesh (1999) which are listed as time, the mind, events-causes, self, and morality and also emotion as provided by Kövecses (2005). Lastly, the conceptual metaphors/

metonymies underlying these idioms were determined within the framework of CMT which basically emphasizes the fact that the everyday lives of human beings are full of metaphors and human conceptualization happens “in terms of our collective biological capacities and our physical and social experiences as beings functioning in our environment” (Lakoff, 1987, pp. 266-267). This provides insights about the fact that people who share similar experiences and who belong to the same cultural group would have similar or same conceptualizations.

The sample tables of the cognitive analysis of Turkish and English idiomatic expressions were provided below:

Table 1. Sample Table of the Cognitive Analysis of Turkish Idioms

Expression Meaning and Example Target Domains

(Meta and Sub) Conceptual Metaphor/

Metonymy ak yüzlü MM: temiz, namuslu, doğru

MM: honest, virtuous

LM: someone with white face Ex: “…bilge devlet adamı, diplomasi kahramanı, ak yüzlü, ak yürekli, Toroslar'ın yiğit evladı, güzel insan…”

http://www.konyayenigun.com/h aber/95593/Ciftci_Mevlana_diy ari_Konyaya_hizmet_etmekicin _aday_adayiyim.html

Morality

Fairness, Honesty

WHITE FACE STANDS FOR HONESTY

 

Table 2. Sample Table of the Cognitive Analysis of English Idioms

Expression Meaning and Example Target Domains

(Meta and Sub) Conceptual Metaphor/

Metonymy a black

sheep MM: a disreputable member of an otherwise reputable group Ex: “… then there's the bus-riding Danny (Ben

Mendelsohn), who's mentally, emotionally, and physically disheveled, the black sheep of the family…”

http://www.vulture.com/2015/03 /bloodline-recap-season-1-episode-1.html

Morality Immorality, Disgracefulness

DISGRACEFULNE SS IS BLACK

According to Lakoff and Johnson, the meta-domains they listed would have to be included in every human being’s mind; in other words, “they occur in the cognitive unconscious of present-day speakers” (p. 135). They also added that time, the mind, events-causes, self, and morality are all abstract ideas which are largely metaphorical and have underlying conceptual metaphors (ibid.).

To investigate individually, ‘time’ is a concept conceptualized metaphorically and metonymically. For instance, “That's all behind us now” and “Let's put that in back of us” are examples for the time orientation metaphor (p. 140), while

“The time will come when there are no more typewriters” is an instance of the moving time metaphor (p. 143). They also asserted that these time metaphors are not limited to English, but they are common in the world’s languages (p.

149).

Secondly, ‘events-structure’ (events-causes) concepts such as events, causes, changes, states, actions, and purposes are also conceptualized metaphorically (p. 166). For example, “I'm in love” and “She's out of her depression” are instances of the location event-structure metaphor (p. 174), while verbs like bring, throw, drive, pull, push, propel, and move demonstrate the existence of the mappings Causes Are Forces and Causation Is Forced Movement (p. 178).

 

Thirdly, Lakoff and Johnson emphasized the fact that it is impossible to think and talk about ‘the mind’ without metaphors (p. 223). The statements like "My mind was racing" and "My mind wandered for a moment" are two examples for Thinking is Moving Metaphor (p. 224). Also "I see what you're saying," can be an example of Thinking is Perceiving Metaphor (p. 226).

Fourthly, the study of ‘the self’ is related to “the structure of our inner lives, who we really are, and how these questions arise every day in important ways” (p.

252). The examples such as “I lifted my arm” and “I can wiggle my ears” can be regarded as Self Control Is The Forced Movement Of An Object metaphor, while the statement “You're pushing yourself too hard” is an instance of Causing the Self to Act is The Forced Movement of an Object Metaphor (p. 256). On the other hand, “I keep going back and forth between the scientist and the priest in me” is an example of the Multiple Selves metaphor (p. 264).

The meta-domain of ‘morality’ is also considered as common in the world’s languages. All the moral concepts such as justice, fairness, compassion, virtue, tolerance, freedom, and rights (p. 273) are conceptualized metaphorically and metonymically as exemplified in the statements like “He's an upstanding citizen”

and “She's on the up and up” in which there is Being Moral Is Being Upright metaphor and “That was a low thing to do” and “He's underhanded” in which there is Being Immoral Is Being Low metaphor (p. 280).

As the sixth meta-domain, Kövecses (2005) added the meta-domain of

‘emotion’ considering it as very common in the languages of the world and heavily cultural (p. 35). He provided some statements such as “I am feeling up as an example of Happiness is Up metaphor and “He is bursting with joy as an instance of Happiness is a Fluid in a Container metaphor (p. 36).

Briefly, this categorization of meta-domains which were written in bold letters in the tables would help revealing the commonalities between Turkish and English rather than the differences, as the variations would be revealed through the sub-domains.

Following the meta-domains, the sub-domains are found out in order to

 

elaborate the issue in a more detailed way. Together with the sub-types presented in Philosophy in the Flesh, for the emotion types, the typology which Baş (2015) adopted in her dissertation was benefited. The typology used in her dissertation titled “Conceptualization of Emotion Through Body Part Idioms in Turkish: A Cognitive Linguistic Study” was constructed by the emotion typology of Ortony, Clore and Collins (1988). This typology was taken as the basis by Baş in determining the emotion types of the idioms and it was developed for Turkish culture. Table 3 outlines the sub-domains of emotion employed in this study:

Table 3. Sub-Domains of Emotion Used in This Study

Emotion Type Related Emotions

ADMIRATION admiration, appreciation, awe, esteem, respect, etc.

AFFECTIVITY affectivity, being affected, emotional arousal, sensitive, etc.

ANGER anger, annoyance, exasperation, fury, incensed, indignation, irritation, livid, offended, outrage, rage, etc.

COURAGE courage, self-confidence DESIRE desire, wish, passion, intense

willingness, impatient want, enthusiasm, etc.

DISAPPOINTMENT dashed-hopes, despair, disappointment, frustration, heartbroken, etc.

DISLIKING/HATE aversion, detest, disgust, dislike, hate, loathe, repelled-by,

revulsion, etc.

DISTRESS depressed, distressed, bored, boredom, anguished, feeling uncomfortable, etc.

APATHY pitiless, senseless, emotionless, insensitive, cruel, unemotional, etc.

EXCITEMENT excitement, exhilaration, flurry, commotion, thrilling, exciting, etc.

 

Table 3. (Continuation) Sub-Domains of Emotion Used in This Study

Emotion Type Related Emotions

FEAR apprehensive, anxious, cowering, dread, fear, fright, nervous, petrified, scared, terrified, timid, worried, etc.

GRATITUTE appreciation, gratitude, feeling indebted, thankful, etc.

HAPPINESS contented, cheerful, delighted, ecstatic, elated, euphoric, feeling

good, glad, happy, joyful, jubilant, pleasantly surprised, pleased, etc.

HOPE anticipation, anticipatory, expectancy, hope, hopeful, looking forward to, etc.

JEALOUSY envy, jealousy, resentment, etc.

LIKING/LOVE adore, affection, attracted-to, like, love, etc.

LONGING yearning, longing, wish, nostalgia, aspiration, etc.

PITY compassion, pity, sad-for, sorry for, sympathy, etc.

PRIDE self-esteem, conceit, pride, vanity, self-assurance

REGRET regret, penitent, remorse, selfanger, etc.

RELIEF relief, relaxation, comfort REPROACH appalled, contempt, despise,

disdain, indignation, reproach, etc.

RESPECT respect, esteem, honor reverence, courtesy, regard, value, venerable, etc.

SADNESS displeased, dissatisfied, distraught, feeling bad, grief, homesick, lonely, lovesick, miserable, sad, shock, uneasy, unhappy, upset, etc.

SATISFACTION gratification, hopes-realized, satisfaction, etc.

SHAME embarrassment, feeling guilty,

mortified, self-blame, selfcondemnation, self-reproach,

shame, (psychologically) uncomfortable, uneasy, etc.

SURPRISE surprise, shock, amazement, astonishment, etc.

SUSPICION suspicion, distrust, doubt, misgiving, unease, etc.

 

Furthermore, the PhD thesis of Yalçındağ (2015) entitled “Searching For the Content and Scope of Morality With a Framework of Moral Foundations Theory”

was benefited in order to determine the sub-domains of morality. Table 4 outlines the sub-types of morality concepts adopted in this study:

Table 4. Sub-Domains of Morality Used in This Study

Morality Type Related Morality Concepts

CARE feeling sorry/ pity/ mercy for people, compassion, being helpful, self-sacrifice, respecting others, etc.

FAIRNESS equality, fairness, honesty, trustworthiness, self-respect, etc.

LOYALTY taking a joint action, good communication, trustworthiness, etc.

AUTHORITY order, power, respect, obedience, etc.

SANCTITY and PURITY purity, (religion-based), goodness, etc.

LIBERTY freedom of speech/thought, individualism, independence, society, etc.

IMMORALITY malevolence, self-seeking, gossiping, arrogance, fraud, selfishness, harmfulness, etc.

The analysis of each basic colour term was conducted for Turkish and English separately and then, the comparison of these two languages was presented. In the comparison part, the sub-domains of the metaphorical expressions constructed with one of the basic colour terms were discussed initially by focusing on the similarities and differences between Turkish and English which was followed by the demonstration of the distribution of meta-domains and their interpretation. Then, the distribution and analysis of each meta-domain were illustrated through their sub-domains in order to grasp the issue in a deeper framework. After this, the comparison of the metonymy-based expressions was conducted by mainly focusing on the body-part metonymies. This was followed by the demonstration and comparison of the distribution of the simile-based idioms constructed with a basic colour term in each language. Finally, in order to find out the commonality or culture-specificity of both languages in terms of the positive, negative, or neutral attributes ascribed to each basic colour term, the naturally occurring examples were taken into consideration and the metaphorical propositions underlying cultural schemas of the idioms were elicited and compared through tables.

 

While analyzing and comparing the idioms in terms of their positive, negative, or neutral attributes, the researcher found out that some attributes could be categorized either as positive or negative depending on the context they were found in. Therefore, the category of positive/negative was added in the tables.

Beyaz yalan or white lie can be considered as an example for the idioms included in the category of positive/ negative, as its attribute may change in accordance with the context.